注意:这个答案已经得到了如此多的关注，我需要更新它。自从原来的答案被发布后，@dzeikei的评论获得了几乎和原来答案一样多的关注。这里有两种可能的解决方案:

1. 如果你的后台线程有一个Context对象的引用:

确保您的后台工作线程可以访问Context对象(可以是应用程序上下文或服务上下文)。然后在后台工作线程中这样做:

// Get a handler that can be used to post to the main thread
Handler mainHandler = new Handler(context.getMainLooper());

Runnable myRunnable = new Runnable() {
    @Override 
    public void run() {....} // This is your code
};
mainHandler.post(myRunnable);

2. 如果你的后台线程没有(或不需要)Context对象

(@dzeikei建议):

// Get a handler that can be used to post to the main thread
Handler mainHandler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());

Runnable myRunnable = new Runnable() {
    @Override 
    public void run() {....} // This is your code
};
mainHandler.post(myRunnable);

HandlerThread是更好的选择，以正常的java线程在Android。

创建一个HandlerThread并启动它 从HandlerThread:requestHandler中创建一个Looper Handler 在requestHandler上发布一个可运行任务

从HandlerThread与UI线程通信

为主线程创建一个Looper Handler: responseHandler并重写handleMessage方法 在其他线程(在本例中为HandlerThread)的可运行任务中，调用responseHandler上的sendMessage responseHandler中handleMessage的sendMessage结果调用。 从Message中获取属性并处理它，更新UI

示例:用从web服务接收到的数据更新TextView。由于web服务应该在非ui线程上调用，因此为网络操作创建了HandlerThread。一旦你从web服务获得内容，发送消息到你的主线程(UI线程)处理程序，该处理程序将处理消息并更新UI。

示例代码:

HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("NetworkOperation");
handlerThread.start();
Handler requestHandler = new Handler(handlerThread.getLooper());

final Handler responseHandler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()) {
    @Override
    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
        txtView.setText((String) msg.obj);
    }
};

Runnable myRunnable = new Runnable() {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            Log.d("Runnable", "Before IO call");
            URL page = new URL("http://www.your_web_site.com/fetchData.jsp");
            StringBuffer text = new StringBuffer();
            HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) page.openConnection();
            conn.connect();
            InputStreamReader in = new InputStreamReader((InputStream) conn.getContent());
            BufferedReader buff = new BufferedReader(in);
            String line;
            while ((line = buff.readLine()) != null) {
                text.append(line + "\n");
            }
            Log.d("Runnable", "After IO call:"+ text.toString());
            Message msg = new Message();
            msg.obj = text.toString();
            responseHandler.sendMessage(msg);


        } catch (Exception err) {
            err.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
};
requestHandler.post(myRunnable);

有用的文章:

handlerthreads-and-why-you-should-be-using-them-in-your-android-apps

android-looper-handler-handlerthread-i

遵循这个方法。使用这种方法，您可以简单地从后台线程更新UI。runOnUiThread工作在主(UI)线程上。我认为这个代码片段不那么复杂，而且简单，特别是对初学者来说。

AsyncTask.execute(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {

            //code you want to run on the background
            someCode();

           //the code you want to run on main thread
 MainActivity.this.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {

                    public void run() {

/*the code you want to run after the background operation otherwise they will executed earlier and give you an error*/
                        executeAfterOperation();

                   }
                });
            }
        });

对于服务

在oncreate中创建一个处理程序

 handler = new Handler();

然后像这样使用它

 private void runOnUiThread(Runnable runnable) {
        handler.post(runnable);
    }

使用Kotlin，在任何函数中都是这样的:

runOnUiThread {
   // Do work..
}

使用处理器的更精确的Kotlin代码:

Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()).post {  
 // your codes here run on main Thread
 }

压缩代码块如下所示:

   new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()).post(new Runnable() {
       @Override
       public void run() {
           // things to do on the main thread
       }
   });

这并不涉及传递活动引用或应用程序引用。

芬兰湾的科特林相当于:

    Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()).post(Runnable {
        // things to do on the main thread
    })