PIP也是一个python包。因此，将模块安装到特定python版本的最简单方法如下所示

 python2.7 /usr/bin/pip install foo

or

python2.7 -m pip install foo

我默认安装了python 2.6 (Amazon EC2 AMI)，但我的应用程序需要python2.7加上一些外部包。假设您已经安装了python2.7和默认的python(在我的例子中是2.6)。下面是如何为非默认的python2.7安装pip和包

为你的python版本安装pip:

curl -O https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py
python27 get-pip.py

使用指定的pip版本安装软件包:

pip2.7 install mysql-connector-python --allow-external mysql-connector-python

这里的大多数答案都解决了这个问题，但我想补充一些一直让我困惑的东西，即在CentOS 7的/usr/local中创建python的替代安装。当我在那里安装时，它看起来像pip在工作，因为我可以使用pip2.7 install，它可以安装模块。然而，我不明白的是，为什么我新安装的python版本看不到我正在安装的东西。

在CentOS 7中，在/usr/bin文件夹中已经有一个python2.7和一个pip2.7。要为新的python发行版安装pip，您需要明确地告诉sudo转到/usr/local/bin

sudo /usr/local/bin/python2.7 -m ensurepip

这将使pip2.7与你的python版本一起安装在你的/usr/local/bin文件夹中。诀窍在于，当您想要安装模块时，您要么需要修改sudo $PATH变量以包含/usr/local/bin，要么需要执行

sudo /usr/local/bin/pip2.7 install <module>

如果您想安装一个新的模块。我花了很长时间才记住sudo没有立即看到/usr/local/bin。

显然，easy_install和pip有多个版本。看起来很乱。不管怎样，这是我在Ubuntu 12.10上安装Django for Python 2.7的方法:

$ sudo easy_install-2.7 pip
Searching for pip
Best match: pip 1.1
Adding pip 1.1 to easy-install.pth file
Installing pip-2.7 script to /usr/local/bin

Using /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
Processing dependencies for pip
Finished processing dependencies for pip

$ sudo pip-2.7 install django
Downloading/unpacking django
  Downloading Django-1.5.1.tar.gz (8.0Mb): 8.0Mb downloaded
  Running setup.py egg_info for package django

    warning: no previously-included files matching '__pycache__' found under directory '*'
    warning: no previously-included files matching '*.py[co]' found under directory '*'
Installing collected packages: django
  Running setup.py install for django
    changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/django-admin.py from 644 to 755

    warning: no previously-included files matching '__pycache__' found under directory '*'
    warning: no previously-included files matching '*.py[co]' found under directory '*'
    changing mode of /usr/local/bin/django-admin.py to 755
Successfully installed django
Cleaning up...

$ python
Python 2.7.3 (default, Sep 26 2012, 21:51:14) 
[GCC 4.7.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import django
>>> 

以下是我对这个问题的看法。适用于Python3。主要特点有:

每个Python版本都是从源代码编译的 所有版本都安装在本地 不会以任何方式破坏系统的默认Python安装 每个Python版本都使用virtualenv进行隔离

前提条件:如果你正在使用一些基本的瘦客户端，没有安装额外的turf，你应该首先运行这个(至少在ubuntu 18.04中，为了方便，额外的包添加了):

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install software-properties-common
sudo apt-add-repository universe
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y build-essential cmake

sudo apt-get install -y zlib1g zlib1g-dev libsqlite3-dev \
openssl libssl-dev libffi-dev unzip pciutils net-tools \
libblas-dev gfortran libblas3 

具体步骤如下:

If you have several extra python versions installed in some other way, get rid of them, e.g., remove $HOME/.local/lib/python3.x, etc. (also the globally installed ones). Don't touch your system's default python3 version though. Download source for different python versions under the following directory structure: $HOME/ python_versions/ : download Python-*.tgz packages here and "tar xvf" them. You'll get directories like this: Python-3.4.8/ Python-3.6.5/ Python-3.x.y/ ... At each "Python-3.x.y/" directory, do the following (do NOT use "sudo" in any of the steps!): mkdir root ./configure --prefix=$PWD/root make -j 2 make install virtualenv --no-site-packages -p root/bin/python3.x env At "python_versions/" create files like this: env_python3x.bash: #!/bin/bash echo "type deactivate to exit" source $HOME/python_versions/Python-3.x.y/env/bin/activate Now, anytime you wish to opt for python3.x, do source $HOME/python_versions/env_python3x.bash

进入virtualenv

在virtualenv中，安装你喜欢的python包 PIP install——upgrade package_name 要退出virtualenv和python版本，只需输入“deactivate”

更新

似乎不赞成使用无站点包。有一个简单的解决方法:一旦你激活了virtualenv，只要将HOME env变量指向其他地方，而不是你实际的主目录，即:

export HOME=some/where/else

一般来说，一个很好的方法是:

创建virtualenv 激活virtualenv 如果你想“回收”现有的库到你的virtualenv，软链接它们从你现有的安装，即。 ln -s $HOME/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy $PWD/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ export PYTHONPATH=， export HOME=/some/other/dir

现在您应该有了自定义隔离的virtualenv。

更新2 / sudo

不想强迫sudo使用你的virtualenv吗?

Defaults        secure_path="/home/USENAME/Python-3.x.y/env/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
Defaults        env_keep += "VIRTUAL_ENV"
Defaults        env_keep += "PYTHONPATH"

现在尝试“sudo python3—version”，魔术应该会发生

更新3 / docker

在docker中启用virtualenv(当然，你已经在docker镜像中构建了它):

ENV VIRTUAL_ENV=/home/USER/Python-3.x.y/env
ENV PYTHONPATH=
ENV PATH="$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin:$PATH"

搅拌机:

/usr/bin $ python3.7 -m pip install irc