是否有一种方法可以方便地在Python中定义类c结构?我厌倦了写这样的东西:
class MyStruct():
def __init__(self, field1, field2, field3):
self.field1 = field1
self.field2 = field2
self.field3 = field3
是否有一种方法可以方便地在Python中定义类c结构?我厌倦了写这样的东西:
class MyStruct():
def __init__(self, field1, field2, field3):
self.field1 = field1
self.field2 = field2
self.field3 = field3
当前回答
每当我需要一个“行为像字典一样的即时数据对象”(我不会想到C结构体!),我就会想到这个可爱的hack:
class Map(dict):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
super(Map, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.__dict__ = self
现在你可以说:
struct = Map(field1='foo', field2='bar', field3=42)
self.assertEquals('bar', struct.field2)
self.assertEquals(42, struct['field3'])
当你需要一个“不是类的数据包”的时候,非常方便,当命名元组是不可理解的……
其他回答
这里的一些答案非常详尽。我找到的最简单的选项是(from: http://norvig.com/python-iaq.html):)
class Struct:
"A structure that can have any fields defined."
def __init__(self, **entries): self.__dict__.update(entries)
初始化:
>>> options = Struct(answer=42, linelen=80, font='courier')
>>> options.answer
42
添加更多的:
>>> options.cat = "dog"
>>> options.cat
dog
编辑:对不起,没有看到这个例子已经进一步。
我能想到的最干净的方法是使用一个类装饰器,它可以让你声明一个静态类,并将其重写为一个具有正常命名属性的结构体:
from as_struct import struct
@struct
class Product():
name = 'unknown product'
quantity = -1
sku = '-'
# create instance
p = Product('plush toy', sku='12-345-6789')
# check content:
p.name # plush toy
p.quantity # -1
p.sku # 12-345-6789
使用以下装饰器代码:
def struct(struct_class):
# create a new init
def struct_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
i = 0 # we really don't need enumerate() here...
for value in args:
name = member_names[i]
default_value = member_values[i]
setattr(self, name, value if value is not None else default_value)
i += 1 # ...we just need to inc an int
for key,value in kwargs.items():
i = member_names.index(key)
default_value = member_values[i]
setattr(self, key, value if value is not None else default_value)
# extract the struct members
member_names = []
member_values = []
for attr_name in dir(struct_class):
if not attr_name.startswith('_'):
value = getattr(struct_class, attr_name)
if not callable(value):
member_names.append(attr_name)
member_values.append(value)
# rebind and return
struct_class.init = struct_init
return struct_class
它的工作原理是获取类,提取字段名及其默认值,然后重写类的__init__函数,根据知道哪个参数索引映射到哪个属性名来设置self属性。
你可以通过以下方式在python中访问C-Style struct。
class cstruct:
var_i = 0
var_f = 0.0
var_str = ""
如果你只想使用cstruct的对象
obj = cstruct()
obj.var_i = 50
obj.var_f = 50.00
obj.var_str = "fifty"
print "cstruct: obj i=%d f=%f s=%s" %(obj.var_i, obj.var_f, obj.var_str)
如果你想创建一个cstruct对象的数组
obj_array = [cstruct() for i in range(10)]
obj_array[0].var_i = 10
obj_array[0].var_f = 10.00
obj_array[0].var_str = "ten"
#go ahead and fill rest of array instaces of struct
#print all the value
for i in range(10):
print "cstruct: obj_array i=%d f=%f s=%s" %(obj_array[i].var_i, obj_array[i].var_f, obj_array[i].var_str)
注意: 请使用你的struct名称,而不是'cstruct'名称 请定义结构的成员变量,而不是var_i, var_f, var_str。
使用命名元组,该元组被添加到Python 2.6标准库中的collections模块中。如果你需要支持Python 2.4,也可以使用Raymond Hettinger的命名元组配方。
它适用于基本示例,但也适用于稍后可能遇到的一些边缘情况。你上面的片段可以写成:
from collections import namedtuple
MyStruct = namedtuple("MyStruct", "field1 field2 field3")
新创建的类型可以这样使用:
m = MyStruct("foo", "bar", "baz")
你也可以使用命名参数:
m = MyStruct(field1="foo", field2="bar", field3="baz")
还可以按位置将初始化参数传递给实例变量
# Abstract struct class
class Struct:
def __init__ (self, *argv, **argd):
if len(argd):
# Update by dictionary
self.__dict__.update (argd)
else:
# Update by position
attrs = filter (lambda x: x[0:2] != "__", dir(self))
for n in range(len(argv)):
setattr(self, attrs[n], argv[n])
# Specific class
class Point3dStruct (Struct):
x = 0
y = 0
z = 0
pt1 = Point3dStruct()
pt1.x = 10
print pt1.x
print "-"*10
pt2 = Point3dStruct(5, 6)
print pt2.x, pt2.y
print "-"*10
pt3 = Point3dStruct (x=1, y=2, z=3)
print pt3.x, pt3.y, pt3.z
print "-"*10