I am opening a file which has 100,000 URL's. I need to send an HTTP request to each URL and print the status code. I am using Python 2.6, and so far looked at the many confusing ways Python implements threading/concurrency. I have even looked at the python concurrence library, but cannot figure out how to write this program correctly. Has anyone come across a similar problem? I guess generally I need to know how to perform thousands of tasks in Python as fast as possible - I suppose that means 'concurrently'.
当前回答
(工具)
Apache Bench是您所需要的全部。—用于测量HTTP web服务器性能的命令行计算机程序
给你一篇不错的博客文章:https://www.petefreitag.com/item/689.cfm(来自Pete Freitag)
其他回答
最简单的方法是使用Python的内置线程库。它们不是“真正的”/内核线程。它们有问题(比如序列化),但足够好了。你需要一个队列和线程池。这里有一个选项,但是编写自己的选项很简单。您无法并行处理所有100,000个调用,但可以同时发出100个(或左右)调用。
我发现使用tornado包是最快和最简单的方法来实现这一点:
from tornado import ioloop, httpclient, gen
def main(urls):
"""
Asynchronously download the HTML contents of a list of URLs.
:param urls: A list of URLs to download.
:return: List of response objects, one for each URL.
"""
@gen.coroutine
def fetch_and_handle():
httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient.configure(None, defaults=dict(user_agent='MyUserAgent'))
http_client = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()
waiter = gen.WaitIterator(*[http_client.fetch(url, raise_error=False, method='HEAD')
for url in urls])
results = []
# Wait for the jobs to complete
while not waiter.done():
try:
response = yield waiter.next()
except httpclient.HTTPError as e:
print(f'Non-200 HTTP response returned: {e}')
continue
except Exception as e:
print(f'An unexpected error occurred querying: {e}')
continue
else:
print(f'URL \'{response.request.url}\' has status code <{response.code}>')
results.append(response)
return results
loop = ioloop.IOLoop.current()
web_pages = loop.run_sync(fetch_and_handle)
return web_pages
my_urls = ['url1.com', 'url2.com', 'url100000.com']
responses = main(my_urls)
print(responses[0])
使用线程池是一个很好的选择,这将使这相当容易。不幸的是,python并没有一个标准库来简化线程池。但这里有一个不错的图书馆,你应该开始: http://www.chrisarndt.de/projects/threadpool/
来自他们网站的代码示例:
pool = ThreadPool(poolsize)
requests = makeRequests(some_callable, list_of_args, callback)
[pool.putRequest(req) for req in requests]
pool.wait()
希望这能有所帮助。
这个扭曲的异步web客户端运行得相当快。
#!/usr/bin/python2.7
from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred, DeferredList, DeferredLock
from twisted.internet.defer import inlineCallbacks
from twisted.web.client import Agent, HTTPConnectionPool
from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers
from pprint import pprint
from collections import defaultdict
from urlparse import urlparse
from random import randrange
import fileinput
pool = HTTPConnectionPool(reactor)
pool.maxPersistentPerHost = 16
agent = Agent(reactor, pool)
locks = defaultdict(DeferredLock)
codes = {}
def getLock(url, simultaneous = 1):
return locks[urlparse(url).netloc, randrange(simultaneous)]
@inlineCallbacks
def getMapping(url):
# Limit ourselves to 4 simultaneous connections per host
# Tweak this number, but it should be no larger than pool.maxPersistentPerHost
lock = getLock(url,4)
yield lock.acquire()
try:
resp = yield agent.request('HEAD', url)
codes[url] = resp.code
except Exception as e:
codes[url] = str(e)
finally:
lock.release()
dl = DeferredList(getMapping(url.strip()) for url in fileinput.input())
dl.addCallback(lambda _: reactor.stop())
reactor.run()
pprint(codes)
对于您的情况,线程可能会做的技巧,因为您可能会花费大部分时间等待响应。标准库中有一些有用的模块,如Queue,可能会有所帮助。
我以前做过类似的并行下载文件的事情,对我来说已经足够好了,但它不是你所说的那种规模。
如果您的任务对cpu的限制更大,您可能需要考虑multiprocessing模块,它将允许您利用更多的cpu /内核/线程(更多的进程不会相互阻塞,因为锁定是每个进程)
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