在Linux和其他与unix相关的系统下，传统上只有两个字符不能出现在文件或目录的名称中，那就是NUL '\0'和斜杠'/'。当然，斜杠可以出现在路径名中，分隔目录组件。

有传言说，史蒂文·伯恩(因“贝壳”而出名)有一个包含254个文件的目录，一个文件对应一个可以出现在文件名中的每个字母(字符代码)(不包括/，'\0';名字。当然是当前的目录)。它被用来测试伯恩外壳，并经常对备份程序等不小心的程序造成严重破坏。

其他人已经介绍了Windows文件名的规则，并提供了微软和维基百科的相关链接。

注意MacOS X有一个不区分大小写的文件系统。目前的版本似乎允许在文件名中使用冒号，尽管在历史上并不一定总是这样:

$ echo a:b > a:b
$ ls -l a:b
-rw-r--r--  1 jonathanleffler  staff  4 Nov 12 07:38 a:b
$

但是，至少在macOS Big Sur 11.7中，文件系统不允许文件名不是有效的UTF-8字符串。这意味着文件名不能由UTF-8中始终无效的字节组成(0xC0, 0xC1, 0xF5-0xFF)，并且不能使用延续字节0x80..0xBF作为文件名中的唯一字节。给出的错误是92非法字节序列。

POSIX定义了一个可移植文件名字符集，包括:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . _ -

坚持使用完全由这些字符组成的名称可以避免大部分问题，不过Windows仍然增加了一些复杂性。

---

1

It was Kernighan & Pike in ['The Practice of Programming'](http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~bwk/tpop.webpage/) who said as much in Chapter 6, Testing, §6.5 Stress Tests:

When Steve Bourne was writing his Unix shell (which came to be known as the Bourne shell), he made a directory of 254 files with one-character names, one for each byte value except '\0' and slash, the two characters that cannot appear in Unix file names. He used that directory for all manner of tests of pattern-matching and tokenization. (The test directory was of course created by a program.) For years afterwards, that directory was the bane of file-tree-walking programs; it tested them to destruction.

注意，该目录必须包含条目。和. .，所以它可以说是253个文件(和2个目录)，或者255个名称条目，而不是254个文件。这并不影响轶事的有效性，也不影响它所描述的仔细测试。

TPOP之前在 http://plan9.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/tpop和 http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/tpop但现在(2021-11-12)都坏了。 参见维基百科上的TPOP。

在Windows 10(2019)中，输入以下字符时会出现错误，导致输入失败:

文件名不能包含以下字符: \ /: * ?< > |

在Linux和其他与unix相关的系统下，传统上只有两个字符不能出现在文件或目录的名称中，那就是NUL '\0'和斜杠'/'。当然，斜杠可以出现在路径名中，分隔目录组件。

有传言说，史蒂文·伯恩(因“贝壳”而出名)有一个包含254个文件的目录，一个文件对应一个可以出现在文件名中的每个字母(字符代码)(不包括/，'\0';名字。当然是当前的目录)。它被用来测试伯恩外壳，并经常对备份程序等不小心的程序造成严重破坏。

其他人已经介绍了Windows文件名的规则，并提供了微软和维基百科的相关链接。

注意MacOS X有一个不区分大小写的文件系统。目前的版本似乎允许在文件名中使用冒号，尽管在历史上并不一定总是这样:

$ echo a:b > a:b
$ ls -l a:b
-rw-r--r--  1 jonathanleffler  staff  4 Nov 12 07:38 a:b
$

但是，至少在macOS Big Sur 11.7中，文件系统不允许文件名不是有效的UTF-8字符串。这意味着文件名不能由UTF-8中始终无效的字节组成(0xC0, 0xC1, 0xF5-0xFF)，并且不能使用延续字节0x80..0xBF作为文件名中的唯一字节。给出的错误是92非法字节序列。

POSIX定义了一个可移植文件名字符集，包括:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . _ -

坚持使用完全由这些字符组成的名称可以避免大部分问题，不过Windows仍然增加了一些复杂性。

---

1

It was Kernighan & Pike in ['The Practice of Programming'](http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~bwk/tpop.webpage/) who said as much in Chapter 6, Testing, §6.5 Stress Tests:

When Steve Bourne was writing his Unix shell (which came to be known as the Bourne shell), he made a directory of 254 files with one-character names, one for each byte value except '\0' and slash, the two characters that cannot appear in Unix file names. He used that directory for all manner of tests of pattern-matching and tokenization. (The test directory was of course created by a program.) For years afterwards, that directory was the bane of file-tree-walking programs; it tested them to destruction.

注意，该目录必须包含条目。和. .，所以它可以说是253个文件(和2个目录)，或者255个名称条目，而不是254个文件。这并不影响轶事的有效性，也不影响它所描述的仔细测试。

TPOP之前在 http://plan9.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/tpop和 http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/tpop但现在(2021-11-12)都坏了。 参见维基百科上的TPOP。

讨论不同的可能方法

在定义，什么是合法的，什么是不合法的方面的困难已经得到解决，并提出了白名单。但不仅是Windows，很多unix操作系统也支持超过8位的字符，比如Unicode。您还可以在这里讨论编码，例如UTF-8。你可以考虑Jonathan Leffler的评论，他给出了现代Linux的信息，并描述了MacOS的细节。维基百科指出，(例如)

修饰语字母冒号[(见7。有时在Windows文件名中使用，因为它与用于文件名的Segoe UI字体中的冒号相同。[继承的ASCII]冒号本身是不允许的。

因此，我想提出一种更自由的方法，使用Unicode Homoglyph字符替换“非法”字符。我发现在我可比的用例中，结果可读性要强得多，而且它只受所使用字体的限制，它非常广泛，Windows默认为3903个字符。此外，您甚至可以从替换恢复原始内容。

可能的选择和研究笔记

为了保持内容的组织性，我将始终给出字符，它的名称和十六进制数表示。后者不区分大小写，前导零可以自由添加或省略，因此，例如U+002A和U+ 2a是等效的。如果可用，我会尽量指出更多的信息或替代品-请随时向我展示更多或更好的。

Instead of * (U+2A * ASTERISK), you can use one of the many listed, for example U+2217 ∗ (ASTERISK OPERATOR) or the Full Width Asterisk U+FF0A ＊. u+20f0 ⃰ combining asterisk above from combining diacritical marks for symbols might also be a valid choice. You can read 4. for more info about the combining characters. Instead of . (U+2E . full stop), one of these could be a good option, for example ⋅ U+22C5 dot operator. Instead of " (U+22 " quotation mark), you can use “ U+201C english leftdoublequotemark, more alternatives see here. I also included some of the good suggestions of Wally Brockway's answer, in this case u+2036 ‶ reversed double prime and u+2033 ″ double prime - I will from now on denote ideas from that source by ¹³. Instead of / (U+2F / SOLIDUS), you can use ∕ DIVISION SLASH U+2215 (others here), ̸ U+0338 COMBINING LONG SOLIDUS OVERLAY, ̷ COMBINING SHORT SOLIDUS OVERLAY U+0337 or u+2044 ⁄ fraction slash¹³. Be aware about spacing for some characters, including the combining or overlay ones, as they have no width and can produce something like -> ̸th̷is which is ̸th̷is. With added spaces you get -> ̸ th ̷ is, which is ̸ th ̷ is. The second one (COMBINING SHORT SOLIDUS OVERLAY) looks bad in the stackoverflow-font. Instead of \ (U+5C Reverse solidus), you can use ⧵ U+29F5 Reverse solidus operator (more) or u+20E5 ⃥ combining reverse solidus overlay¹³. To replace [ (U+5B [ Left square bracket) and ] (U+005D ] Right square bracket), you can use for example U+FF3B［ FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET and U+FF3D ］FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET (from here, more possibilities here). Instead of : (u+3a : colon), you can use U+2236 ∶ RATIO (for mathematical usage) or U+A789 ꞉ MODIFIER LETTER COLON, (see colon (letter), sometimes used in Windows filenames as it is identical to the colon in the Segoe UI font used for filenames. The colon itself is not permitted ... source and more replacements see here). Another alternative is this one: u+1361 ፡ ethiopic wordspace¹³. Instead of ; (u+3b ; semicolon), you can use U+037E ; GREEK QUESTION MARK (see here). For | (u+7c | vertical line), there are some good substitutes such as: U+2223 ∣ DIVIDES, U+0964 । DEVANAGARI DANDA, U+01C0 ǀ LATIN LETTER DENTAL CLICK (the last ones from Wikipedia) or U+2D4F ⵏ Tifinagh Letter Yan. Also the box drawing characters contain various other options. Instead of , (, U+002C COMMA), you can use for example ‚ U+201A SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK (see here). For ? (U+003F ? QUESTION MARK), these are good candidates: U+FF1F ？ FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK or U+FE56 ﹖ SMALL QUESTION MARK (from here and here). There are also two more from the Dingbats Block (search for "question") and the u+203d ‽ interrobang¹³. While my machine seems to accept it unchanged, I still want to include > (u+3e greater-than sign) and < (u+3c less-than sign) for the sake of completeness. The best replacement here is probably also from the quotation block, such as u+203a › single right-pointing angle quotation mark and u+2039 ‹ single left-pointing angle quotation mark respectively. The tifinagh block only contains ⵦ (u+2D66)¹³ to replace <. The last notion is ⋖ less-than with dot u+22D6 and ⋗ greater-than with dot u+22D7.

对于更多的想法，你也可以在这个块中寻找例子。你还想要更多的想法吗?你可以试着画出你想要的角色，看看这里的建议。

你怎么打这些字符

Say you want to type ⵏ (Tifinagh Letter Yan). To get all of its information, you can always search for this character (ⵏ) on a suited platform such as this Unicode Lookup (please add 0x when you search for hex) or that Unicode Table (that only allows to search for the name, in this case "Tifinagh Letter Yan"). You should obtain its Unicode number U+2D4F and the HTML-code &#11599; (note that 2D4F is hexadecimal for 11599). With this knowledge, you have several options to produce these special characters including the use of

code points to unicode converter or again the Unicode Lookup to reversely convert the numerical representation into the unicode character (remember to set the code point base below to decimal or hexadecimal respectively) a one-liner makro in Autohotkey: :?*:altpipe::{U+2D4F} to type ⵏ instead of the string altpipe - this is the way I input those special characters, my Autohotkey script can be shared if there is common interest Alt Characters or alt-codes by pressing and holding alt, followed by the decimal number for the desired character (more info for example here, look at a table here or there). For the example, that would be Alt+11599. Be aware, that many programs do not fully support this windows feature for all of unicode (as of time writing). Microsoft Office is an exception where it usually works, some other OSes provide similar functionality. Typing these chars with Alt-combinations into MS Word is also the way Wally Brockway suggests in his answer¹³ that was already mentionted - if you don't want to transfer all the hexadecimal values to the decimal asc, you can find some of them there¹³. in MS Office, you can also use ALT + X as described in this MS article to produce the chars if you rarely need it, you can of course still just copy-paste the special character of your choice instead of typing it

我也有同样的需求，正在寻找推荐信或标准推荐信，偶然发现了这条线索。我目前在文件和目录名中应该避免的字符黑名单是:

$CharactersInvalidForFileName = {
    "pound" -> "#",
    "left angle bracket" -> "<",
    "dollar sign" -> "$",
    "plus sign" -> "+",
    "percent" -> "%",
    "right angle bracket" -> ">",
    "exclamation point" -> "!",
    "backtick" -> "`",
    "ampersand" -> "&",
    "asterisk" -> "*",
    "single quotes" -> "“",
    "pipe" -> "|",
    "left bracket" -> "{",
    "question mark" -> "?",
    "double quotes" -> "”",
    "equal sign" -> "=",
    "right bracket" -> "}",
    "forward slash" -> "/",
    "colon" -> ":",
    "back slash" -> "\\",
    "lank spaces" -> "b",
    "at sign" -> "@"
};

对于任何寻找正则表达式的人:

const BLACKLIST = /[<>:"\/\\|?*]/g;