使用new_list=my_list时,对new_list的任何修改都会每次更改my_list。为什么会出现这种情况,以及如何克隆或复制列表以防止出现这种情况?


当前回答

new_list = my_list[:]

new_list=我的列表

试着理解这一点。假设my_list位于堆内存中的位置X,即my_list指向X。现在,通过指定new_list=my_list,可以让new_list指向X。这就是所谓的浅拷贝。

现在,如果指定new_list=my_list[:],则只需将my_list的每个对象复制到new_list。这就是所谓的深度复制。

您可以通过以下其他方式完成此操作:

new_list=列表(old_list)导入副本new_list=复制.depcopy(old_list)

其他回答

在Python中,请记住:

    list1 = ['apples','bananas','pineapples']
    list2 = list1

List2没有存储实际的列表,而是对list1的引用。因此,当您对list1执行任何操作时,list2也会发生变化。使用copy模块(非默认,在pip上下载)制作列表的原始副本(对于简单列表,copy.copy();对于嵌套列表,copy。deepcopy())。这将生成一个不会随第一个列表而更改的副本。

使用对象[:]

>>> a = [1,2]
>>> b = a[:]
>>> a += [3]
>>> a
[1, 2, 3]
>>> b
[1, 2]
>>> 

让我惊讶的是,这还没有被提及,所以为了完整起见。。。

您可以使用“splat operator”:*执行列表解包,这也将复制列表的元素。

old_list = [1, 2, 3]

new_list = [*old_list]

new_list.append(4)
old_list == [1, 2, 3]
new_list == [1, 2, 3, 4]

这种方法的明显缺点是它仅在Python 3.5+中可用。

尽管从时间上看,这似乎比其他常用方法表现得更好。

x = [random.random() for _ in range(1000)]

%timeit a = list(x)
%timeit a = x.copy()
%timeit a = x[:]

%timeit a = [*x]

#: 2.47 µs ± 38.1 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)
#: 2.47 µs ± 54.6 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)
#: 2.39 µs ± 58.2 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)

#: 2.22 µs ± 43.2 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)

要使用的方法取决于要复制的列表的内容。如果列表中包含嵌套的dict,则deepcopy是唯一有效的方法,否则答案中列出的大多数方法(slice、loop[for]、copy、extend、combine或unpack)都将在类似的时间内工作和执行(loop和deepcopy除外,这两种方法执行得最差)。

剧本

from random import randint
from time import time
import copy

item_count = 100000

def copy_type(l1: list, l2: list):
  if l1 == l2:
    return 'shallow'
  return 'deep'

def run_time(start, end):
  run = end - start
  return int(run * 1000000)

def list_combine(data):
  l1 = [data for i in range(item_count)]
  start = time()
  l2 = [] + l1
  end = time()
  if type(data) == dict:
    l2[0]['test'].append(1)
  elif type(data) == list:
    l2.append(1)
  return {'method': 'combine', 'copy_type': copy_type(l1, l2), 
          'time_µs': run_time(start, end)}

def list_extend(data):
  l1 = [data for i in range(item_count)]
  start = time()
  l2 = []
  l2.extend(l1)
  end = time()
  if type(data) == dict:
    l2[0]['test'].append(1)
  elif type(data) == list:
    l2.append(1)
  return {'method': 'extend', 'copy_type': copy_type(l1, l2), 
          'time_µs': run_time(start, end)}

def list_unpack(data):
  l1 = [data for i in range(item_count)]
  start = time()
  l2 = [*l1]
  end = time()
  if type(data) == dict:
    l2[0]['test'].append(1)
  elif type(data) == list:
    l2.append(1)
  return {'method': 'unpack', 'copy_type': copy_type(l1, l2), 
          'time_µs': run_time(start, end)}

def list_deepcopy(data):
  l1 = [data for i in range(item_count)]
  start = time()
  l2 = copy.deepcopy(l1)
  end = time()
  if type(data) == dict:
    l2[0]['test'].append(1)
  elif type(data) == list:
    l2.append(1)
  return {'method': 'deepcopy', 'copy_type': copy_type(l1, l2), 
          'time_µs': run_time(start, end)}

def list_copy(data):
  l1 = [data for i in range(item_count)]
  start = time()
  l2 = list.copy(l1)
  end = time()
  if type(data) == dict:
    l2[0]['test'].append(1)
  elif type(data) == list:
    l2.append(1)
  return {'method': 'copy', 'copy_type': copy_type(l1, l2), 
          'time_µs': run_time(start, end)}

def list_slice(data):
  l1 = [data for i in range(item_count)]
  start = time()
  l2 = l1[:]
  end = time()
  if type(data) == dict:
    l2[0]['test'].append(1)
  elif type(data) == list:
    l2.append(1)
  return {'method': 'slice', 'copy_type': copy_type(l1, l2), 
          'time_µs': run_time(start, end)}

def list_loop(data):
  l1 = [data for i in range(item_count)]
  start = time()
  l2 = []
  for i in range(len(l1)):
    l2.append(l1[i])
  end = time()
  if type(data) == dict:
    l2[0]['test'].append(1)
  elif type(data) == list:
    l2.append(1)
  return {'method': 'loop', 'copy_type': copy_type(l1, l2), 
          'time_µs': run_time(start, end)}

def list_list(data):
  l1 = [data for i in range(item_count)]
  start = time()
  l2 = list(l1)
  end = time()
  if type(data) == dict:
    l2[0]['test'].append(1)
  elif type(data) == list:
    l2.append(1)
  return {'method': 'list()', 'copy_type': copy_type(l1, l2), 
          'time_µs': run_time(start, end)}

if __name__ == '__main__':
  list_type = [{'list[dict]': {'test': [1, 1]}}, 
          {'list[list]': [1, 1]}]
  store = []
  for data in list_type:
    key = list(data.keys())[0]
    store.append({key: [list_unpack(data[key]), list_extend(data[key]), 
                list_combine(data[key]), list_deepcopy(data[key]), 
                list_copy(data[key]), list_slice(data[key]),           
                list_loop(data[key])]})
  print(store)

后果

[{"list[dict]": [
  {"method": "unpack", "copy_type": "shallow", "time_µs": 56149},
  {"method": "extend", "copy_type": "shallow", "time_µs": 52991},
  {"method": "combine", "copy_type": "shallow", "time_µs": 53726},
  {"method": "deepcopy", "copy_type": "deep", "time_µs": 2702616},
  {"method": "copy", "copy_type": "shallow", "time_µs": 52204},
  {"method": "slice", "copy_type": "shallow", "time_µs": 52223},
  {"method": "loop", "copy_type": "shallow", "time_µs": 836928}]},
{"list[list]": [
  {"method": "unpack", "copy_type": "deep", "time_µs": 52313},
  {"method": "extend", "copy_type": "deep", "time_µs": 52550},
  {"method": "combine", "copy_type": "deep", "time_µs": 53203},
  {"method": "deepcopy", "copy_type": "deep", "time_µs": 2608560},
  {"method": "copy", "copy_type": "deep", "time_µs": 53210},
  {"method": "slice", "copy_type": "deep", "time_µs": 52937},
  {"method": "loop", "copy_type": "deep", "time_µs": 834774}
]}]

菲利克斯已经给出了一个很好的答案,但我想我应该对各种方法进行速度比较:

10.59秒(105.9µs/itn)-copy.depcopy(旧列表)10.16秒(101.6µs/itn)-纯Python Copy()方法使用deepcopy复制类1.488秒(14.88µs/itn)-纯Python Copy()方法不复制类(仅dicts/lists/tuples)0.325秒(3.25µs/itn)-对于old_list:new_list.append(项目)中的项目0.217秒(2.17µs/itn)-[i代表old_list](列表理解)0.186秒(1.86µs/itn)-复制副本(old_list)0.075秒(0.75µs/itn)-列表(旧列表)0.053秒(0.53µs/itn)-新列表=[];新列表扩展(旧列表)0.039秒(0.39µs/itn)-old_list[:](列表切片)

所以最快的是列表切片。但请注意,与copy.deepcopy()和python版本不同,copy.copy()、list[:]和list(list)不会复制列表中的任何列表、字典和类实例,因此如果原始列表发生变化,它们也会在复制的列表中发生变化,反之亦然。

(如果有人感兴趣或想提出任何问题,以下是脚本:)

from copy import deepcopy

class old_class:
    def __init__(self):
        self.blah = 'blah'

class new_class(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.blah = 'blah'

dignore = {str: None, unicode: None, int: None, type(None): None}

def Copy(obj, use_deepcopy=True):
    t = type(obj)

    if t in (list, tuple):
        if t == tuple:
            # Convert to a list if a tuple to
            # allow assigning to when copying
            is_tuple = True
            obj = list(obj)
        else:
            # Otherwise just do a quick slice copy
            obj = obj[:]
            is_tuple = False

        # Copy each item recursively
        for x in xrange(len(obj)):
            if type(obj[x]) in dignore:
                continue
            obj[x] = Copy(obj[x], use_deepcopy)

        if is_tuple:
            # Convert back into a tuple again
            obj = tuple(obj)

    elif t == dict:
        # Use the fast shallow dict copy() method and copy any
        # values which aren't immutable (like lists, dicts etc)
        obj = obj.copy()
        for k in obj:
            if type(obj[k]) in dignore:
                continue
            obj[k] = Copy(obj[k], use_deepcopy)

    elif t in dignore:
        # Numeric or string/unicode?
        # It's immutable, so ignore it!
        pass

    elif use_deepcopy:
        obj = deepcopy(obj)
    return obj

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import copy
    from time import time

    num_times = 100000
    L = [None, 'blah', 1, 543.4532,
         ['foo'], ('bar',), {'blah': 'blah'},
         old_class(), new_class()]

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        Copy(L)
    print 'Custom Copy:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        Copy(L, use_deepcopy=False)
    print 'Custom Copy Only Copying Lists/Tuples/Dicts (no classes):', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        copy.copy(L)
    print 'copy.copy:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        copy.deepcopy(L)
    print 'copy.deepcopy:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        L[:]
    print 'list slicing [:]:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        list(L)
    print 'list(L):', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        [i for i in L]
    print 'list expression(L):', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        a = []
        a.extend(L)
    print 'list extend:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        a = []
        for y in L:
            a.append(y)
    print 'list append:', time()-t

    t = time()
    for i in xrange(num_times):
        a = []
        a.extend(i for i in L)
    print 'generator expression extend:', time()-t