建议何时使用Git rebase与Git merge?
成功重新创建数据库后,是否仍需要合并?
建议何时使用Git rebase与Git merge?
成功重新创建数据库后,是否仍需要合并?
当前回答
我什么时候使用git rebase?几乎不会,因为它改写了历史。gitmerge几乎总是首选,因为它尊重项目中实际发生的事情。
其他回答
在合并/重新基础之前:
A <- B <- C [master]
^
\
D <- E [branch]
git合并主机后:
A <- B <- C
^ ^
\ \
D <- E <- F
git rebase master之后:
A <- B <- C <- D' <- E'
(A、B、C、D、E和F为提交)
在Git基础教程中可以找到这个例子以及更多关于Git的详细信息。
当您正在处理分支并在其间合并了一些其他工作时,Rebase是有用的-合并将创建更改,从而使diff受到污染,因此更难阅读。
如果您重新设置分支的基值,那么您的提交将应用于要重新设置基值的分支的顶部,这使得查看更容易,并且diff输出更干净。
简短版本
合并在一个分支中接受所有更改,并在一次提交中将它们合并到另一个分支。Rebase说我希望我的分支点转移到一个新的起点
那你什么时候用这两种?
合并
假设您创建了一个分支来开发单个功能。当您想将这些更改带回master时,可能需要合并。
回扣
第二种情况是,如果您开始进行一些开发,然后另一个开发人员进行了不相关的更改。您可能希望从存储库中提取并重新创建基础,以将当前版本的更改作为基础。
挤压:在这两种情况下都会保留所有提交(例如:“add feature”,然后是“typ”,然后“oops typ again”…)。通过挤压,可以将提交合并为单个提交。挤压可以作为合并或重基操作(--squash标志)的一部分完成,在这种情况下,通常称为挤压合并或挤压重基。
拉取请求:流行的git服务器(Bitbucket、GitLab、GitHub等)允许配置如何在每个回购基础上合并拉取请求。按照惯例,UI可能会显示“合并”按钮,但该按钮可以使用任何标志(关键字:合并、重基、挤压、快进)执行任何操作。
这个答案广泛围绕GitFlow。这些表是用漂亮的ASCII表生成器生成的,历史树是用这个奇妙的命令(别名为gitlg)生成的:
git log --graph --abbrev-commit --decorate --date=format:'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' --format=format:'%C(bold blue)%h%C(reset) - %C(bold cyan)%ad%C(reset) %C(bold green)(%ar)%C(reset)%C(bold yellow)%d%C(reset)%n'' %C(white)%s%C(reset) %C(dim white)- %an%C(reset)'
为了与历史树更加一致,表格按时间顺序排列。另请参见git merge和git merge--no ff之间的区别(您通常希望使用git merge--no ff,因为它使您的历史看起来更接近现实):
合并分支
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo"
------- ------------------------------ -------------------------------
15:04 git merge features/foo
15:03 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:02 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* 142a74a - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop, features/foo)
| Third commit - Christophe
* 00d848c - YYYY-MM-DD 15:02:00 (XX minutes ago)
| Second commit - Christophe
* 298e9c5 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
git merge--无ff
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo"
------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------
15:04 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:03 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:02 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* 1140d8c - YYYY-MM-DD 15:04:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop)
|\ Merge branch 'features/foo' - Christophe
| * 69f4a7a - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/foo)
| | Third commit - Christophe
| * 2973183 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:02:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Second commit - Christophe
* c173472 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
git合并vs git重基
第一点:总是将特性合并到开发中,而不是从特性重新基础开发。这是回扣黄金法则的结果:
gitrebase的黄金法则是永远不要在公共分支机构上使用它。
换句话说:
永远不要把你推到某个地方的东西重新放在底座上。
我个人会补充一句:除非这是一个功能分支,并且您和您的团队意识到其后果。
因此,git merge与git rebase的问题几乎只适用于功能分支(在下面的示例中,合并时始终不使用ff)。注意,由于我不确定是否有更好的解决方案(存在争论),所以我只提供两个命令的行为方式。在我的例子中,我更喜欢使用git rebase,因为它会生成更好的历史树:)
特征分支之间
合并分支
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo" Branch "features/bar"
------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------- --------------------------------
15:10 git merge --no-ff features/bar
15:09 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:08 git commit -m "Sixth commit"
15:07 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:06 git commit -m "Fifth commit"
15:05 git commit -m "Fourth commit"
15:04 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:03 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:02 git checkout -b features/bar
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* c0a3b89 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:10:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop)
|\ Merge branch 'features/bar' - Christophe
| * 37e933e - YYYY-MM-DD 15:08:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/bar)
| | Sixth commit - Christophe
| * eb5e657 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:07:00 (XX minutes ago)
| |\ Merge branch 'features/foo' into features/bar - Christophe
| * | 2e4086f - YYYY-MM-DD 15:06:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | | Fifth commit - Christophe
| * | 31e3a60 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:05:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | | Fourth commit - Christophe
* | | 98b439f - YYYY-MM-DD 15:09:00 (XX minutes ago)
|\ \ \ Merge branch 'features/foo' - Christophe
| |/ /
|/| /
| |/
| * 6579c9c - YYYY-MM-DD 15:04:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/foo)
| | Third commit - Christophe
| * 3f41d96 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Second commit - Christophe
* 14edc68 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
git重基
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo" Branch "features/bar"
------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------
15:10 git merge --no-ff features/bar
15:09 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:08 git commit -m "Sixth commit"
15:07 git rebase features/foo
15:06 git commit -m "Fifth commit"
15:05 git commit -m "Fourth commit"
15:04 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:03 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:02 git checkout -b features/bar
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* 7a99663 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:10:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop)
|\ Merge branch 'features/bar' - Christophe
| * 708347a - YYYY-MM-DD 15:08:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/bar)
| | Sixth commit - Christophe
| * 949ae73 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:06:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Fifth commit - Christophe
| * 108b4c7 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:05:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Fourth commit - Christophe
* | 189de99 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:09:00 (XX minutes ago)
|\ \ Merge branch 'features/foo' - Christophe
| |/
| * 26835a0 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:04:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/foo)
| | Third commit - Christophe
| * a61dd08 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Second commit - Christophe
* ae6f5fc - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
从开发到功能分支
合并分支
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo" Branch "features/bar"
------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------
15:10 git merge --no-ff features/bar
15:09 git commit -m "Sixth commit"
15:08 git merge --no-ff develop
15:07 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:06 git commit -m "Fifth commit"
15:05 git commit -m "Fourth commit"
15:04 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:03 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:02 git checkout -b features/bar
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* 9e6311a - YYYY-MM-DD 15:10:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop)
|\ Merge branch 'features/bar' - Christophe
| * 3ce9128 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:09:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/bar)
| | Sixth commit - Christophe
| * d0cd244 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:08:00 (XX minutes ago)
| |\ Merge branch 'develop' into features/bar - Christophe
| |/
|/|
* | 5bd5f70 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:07:00 (XX minutes ago)
|\ \ Merge branch 'features/foo' - Christophe
| * | 4ef3853 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:04:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/foo)
| | | Third commit - Christophe
| * | 3227253 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ / Second commit - Christophe
| * b5543a2 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:06:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Fifth commit - Christophe
| * 5e84b79 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:05:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Fourth commit - Christophe
* 2da6d8d - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
git重基
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo" Branch "features/bar"
------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------
15:10 git merge --no-ff features/bar
15:09 git commit -m "Sixth commit"
15:08 git rebase develop
15:07 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:06 git commit -m "Fifth commit"
15:05 git commit -m "Fourth commit"
15:04 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:03 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:02 git checkout -b features/bar
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* b0f6752 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:10:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop)
|\ Merge branch 'features/bar' - Christophe
| * 621ad5b - YYYY-MM-DD 15:09:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/bar)
| | Sixth commit - Christophe
| * 9cb1a16 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:06:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Fifth commit - Christophe
| * b8ddd19 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:05:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Fourth commit - Christophe
* 856433e - YYYY-MM-DD 15:07:00 (XX minutes ago)
|\ Merge branch 'features/foo' - Christophe
| * 694ac81 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:04:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/foo)
| | Third commit - Christophe
| * 5fd94d3 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Second commit - Christophe
* d01d589 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
附加说明
吉特樱桃镐
当您只需要一个特定的提交时,git cherry-pick是一个很好的解决方案(-x选项在原始提交消息正文中附加一行“(cherry-picked from commit…)”,因此通常最好使用它-git log<commit_sha1>来查看它):
命令:
Time Branch "develop" Branch "features/foo" Branch "features/bar"
------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
15:10 git merge --no-ff features/bar
15:09 git merge --no-ff features/foo
15:08 git commit -m "Sixth commit"
15:07 git cherry-pick -x <second_commit_sha1>
15:06 git commit -m "Fifth commit"
15:05 git commit -m "Fourth commit"
15:04 git commit -m "Third commit"
15:03 git commit -m "Second commit"
15:02 git checkout -b features/bar
15:01 git checkout -b features/foo
15:00 git commit -m "First commit"
结果:
* 50839cd - YYYY-MM-DD 15:10:00 (XX minutes ago) (HEAD -> develop)
|\ Merge branch 'features/bar' - Christophe
| * 0cda99f - YYYY-MM-DD 15:08:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/bar)
| | Sixth commit - Christophe
| * f7d6c47 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Second commit - Christophe
| * dd7d05a - YYYY-MM-DD 15:06:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Fifth commit - Christophe
| * d0d759b - YYYY-MM-DD 15:05:00 (XX minutes ago)
| | Fourth commit - Christophe
* | 1a397c5 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:09:00 (XX minutes ago)
|\ \ Merge branch 'features/foo' - Christophe
| |/
|/|
| * 0600a72 - YYYY-MM-DD 15:04:00 (XX minutes ago) (features/foo)
| | Third commit - Christophe
| * f4c127a - YYYY-MM-DD 15:03:00 (XX minutes ago)
|/ Second commit - Christophe
* 0cf894c - YYYY-MM-DD 15:00:00 (XX minutes ago)
First commit - Christophe
git pull--重新基数
我不确定我能比德里克·古尔利解释得更好。。。基本上,使用git pull--rebase而不是git pull:)但本文中缺少的是,您可以默认启用它:
git config --global pull.rebase true
吉特重读
再次,这里很好地解释了一下。但简单地说,如果您启用了它,您就不再需要多次解决同一冲突。
信息图形总是有用的:)
合并:将一个分支重叠到另一个分支上
Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "master":
A---B---C topic
/
D---E---F---G master
Then "git merge topic" will replay the changes made on the topic branch since it
diverged from master (i.e., E) until its current commit (C) on top of master, and
record the result in a new commit along with the names of the two parent commits
and a log message from the user describing the changes.
A---B---C topic
/ \
D---E---F---G---H master
Rebase:将一个分支的更改移动到另一个分支末端
Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic":
A---B---C topic
/
D---E---F---G master
From this point, the result of either of the following commands:
git rebase master
git rebase master topic
would be:
A'--B'--C' topic
/
D---E---F---G master
NOTE: The latter form is just a short-hand of git checkout topic followed by git
rebase master. When rebase exits topic will remain the checked-out branch.
因此,我们基本上可以得出结论,合并是一个安全的选项,它可以保存存储库的整个历史,而重基化通过将特性分支移动到main的顶端来创建线性历史。
Credit:帮助页面gitmerge--help和gitrebase--help