我经常听到很多关于c++中的函子。谁能给我一个概述,他们是什么,在什么情况下他们会有用?
当前回答
对于像我这样的新手来说:经过一些研究,我弄清楚了jalf发布的代码是做什么的。
函子是一个类或结构对象,可以像函数一样被“调用”。这可以通过重载()操作符实现。()操作符(不确定被调用的对象)可以接受任意数量的参数。其他操作符只能取两个值,即+操作符只能取两个值(在操作符的两边各一个),并返回你重载它的任何值。你可以在()操作符中放入任意数量的参数,这就是它的灵活性。
要创建函子,首先要创建类。然后使用您选择的类型和名称参数创建类的构造函数。在同一语句中,后面跟着一个初始化列表(它使用一个冒号操作符,这也是我第一次接触),它使用前面声明的构造函数形参构造类成员对象。然后()操作符被重载。最后,声明已创建的类或结构的私有对象。
我的代码(我发现jalf的变量名令人困惑)
class myFunctor
{
public:
/* myFunctor is the constructor. parameterVar is the parameter passed to
the constructor. : is the initializer list operator. myObject is the
private member object of the myFunctor class. parameterVar is passed
to the () operator which takes it and adds it to myObject in the
overloaded () operator function. */
myFunctor (int parameterVar) : myObject( parameterVar ) {}
/* the "operator" word is a keyword which indicates this function is an
overloaded operator function. The () following this just tells the
compiler that () is the operator being overloaded. Following that is
the parameter for the overloaded operator. This parameter is actually
the argument "parameterVar" passed by the constructor we just wrote.
The last part of this statement is the overloaded operators body
which adds the parameter passed to the member object. */
int operator() (int myArgument) { return myObject + myArgument; }
private:
int myObject; //Our private member object.
};
如果这是不准确的或完全错误的,请随时纠正我!
其他回答
对于像我这样的新手来说:经过一些研究,我弄清楚了jalf发布的代码是做什么的。
函子是一个类或结构对象,可以像函数一样被“调用”。这可以通过重载()操作符实现。()操作符(不确定被调用的对象)可以接受任意数量的参数。其他操作符只能取两个值,即+操作符只能取两个值(在操作符的两边各一个),并返回你重载它的任何值。你可以在()操作符中放入任意数量的参数,这就是它的灵活性。
要创建函子,首先要创建类。然后使用您选择的类型和名称参数创建类的构造函数。在同一语句中,后面跟着一个初始化列表(它使用一个冒号操作符,这也是我第一次接触),它使用前面声明的构造函数形参构造类成员对象。然后()操作符被重载。最后,声明已创建的类或结构的私有对象。
我的代码(我发现jalf的变量名令人困惑)
class myFunctor
{
public:
/* myFunctor is the constructor. parameterVar is the parameter passed to
the constructor. : is the initializer list operator. myObject is the
private member object of the myFunctor class. parameterVar is passed
to the () operator which takes it and adds it to myObject in the
overloaded () operator function. */
myFunctor (int parameterVar) : myObject( parameterVar ) {}
/* the "operator" word is a keyword which indicates this function is an
overloaded operator function. The () following this just tells the
compiler that () is the operator being overloaded. Following that is
the parameter for the overloaded operator. This parameter is actually
the argument "parameterVar" passed by the constructor we just wrote.
The last part of this statement is the overloaded operators body
which adds the parameter passed to the member object. */
int operator() (int myArgument) { return myObject + myArgument; }
private:
int myObject; //Our private member object.
};
如果这是不准确的或完全错误的,请随时纠正我!
如上所述,函子是可以被视为函数的类(重载操作符())。
在需要将某些数据与对函数的重复或延迟调用相关联的情况下,它们非常有用。
例如,函子链表可用于实现基本的低开销同步协程系统、任务分派器或可中断文件解析。 例子:
/* prints "this is a very simple and poorly used task queue" */
class Functor
{
public:
std::string output;
Functor(const std::string& out): output(out){}
operator()() const
{
std::cout << output << " ";
}
};
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
std::list<Functor> taskQueue;
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("this"));
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("is a"));
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("very simple"));
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("and poorly used"));
taskQueue.push_back(Functor("task queue"));
for(std::list<Functor>::iterator it = taskQueue.begin();
it != taskQueue.end(); ++it)
{
*it();
}
return 0;
}
/* prints the value stored in "i", then asks you if you want to increment it */
int i;
bool should_increment;
int doSomeWork()
{
std::cout << "i = " << i << std::endl;
std::cout << "increment? (enter the number 1 to increment, 0 otherwise" << std::endl;
std::cin >> should_increment;
return 2;
}
void doSensitiveWork()
{
++i;
should_increment = false;
}
class BaseCoroutine
{
public:
BaseCoroutine(int stat): status(stat), waiting(false){}
void operator()(){ status = perform(); }
int getStatus() const { return status; }
protected:
int status;
bool waiting;
virtual int perform() = 0;
bool await_status(BaseCoroutine& other, int stat, int change)
{
if(!waiting)
{
waiting = true;
}
if(other.getStatus() == stat)
{
status = change;
waiting = false;
}
return !waiting;
}
}
class MyCoroutine1: public BaseCoroutine
{
public:
MyCoroutine1(BaseCoroutine& other): BaseCoroutine(1), partner(other){}
protected:
BaseCoroutine& partner;
virtual int perform()
{
if(getStatus() == 1)
return doSomeWork();
if(getStatus() == 2)
{
if(await_status(partner, 1))
return 1;
else if(i == 100)
return 0;
else
return 2;
}
}
};
class MyCoroutine2: public BaseCoroutine
{
public:
MyCoroutine2(bool& work_signal): BaseCoroutine(1), ready(work_signal) {}
protected:
bool& work_signal;
virtual int perform()
{
if(i == 100)
return 0;
if(work_signal)
{
doSensitiveWork();
return 2;
}
return 1;
}
};
int main()
{
std::list<BaseCoroutine* > coroutineList;
MyCoroutine2 *incrementer = new MyCoroutine2(should_increment);
MyCoroutine1 *printer = new MyCoroutine1(incrementer);
while(coroutineList.size())
{
for(std::list<BaseCoroutine *>::iterator it = coroutineList.begin();
it != coroutineList.end(); ++it)
{
*it();
if(*it.getStatus() == 0)
{
coroutineList.erase(it);
}
}
}
delete printer;
delete incrementer;
return 0;
}
当然,这些例子本身并没有多大用处。它们只是展示了函子是如何有用的,函子本身是非常基础和不灵活的,这使得它们不如boost所提供的有用。
函子也可以用来模拟在函数中定义局部函数。参考这个问题和另一个问题。
但是局部函子不能访问外部的自动变量。lambda (c++ 11)函数是一个更好的解决方案。
就像其他人提到的,函子是一个像函数一样工作的对象,即它重载函数调用操作符。
函子通常用于STL算法。它们很有用,因为它们可以在函数调用之前和之间保持状态,就像函数语言中的闭包一样。例如,你可以定义一个MultiplyBy函子,将它的参数乘以一个指定的量:
class MultiplyBy {
private:
int factor;
public:
MultiplyBy(int x) : factor(x) {
}
int operator () (int other) const {
return factor * other;
}
};
然后你可以传递一个MultiplyBy对象给一个像std::transform:这样的算法:
int array[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
std::transform(array, array + 5, array, MultiplyBy(3));
// Now, array is {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}
函子相对于指向函数的指针的另一个优点是可以在更多情况下内联调用。如果你将一个函数指针传递给transform,除非该调用被内联,并且编译器知道你总是将同一个函数传递给它,否则它不能通过指针内联调用。
小之外。你可以使用boost::function从函数和方法中创建函子,如下所示:
class Foo
{
public:
void operator () (int i) { printf("Foo %d", i); }
};
void Bar(int i) { printf("Bar %d", i); }
Foo foo;
boost::function<void (int)> f(foo);//wrap functor
f(1);//prints "Foo 1"
boost::function<void (int)> b(&Bar);//wrap normal function
b(1);//prints "Bar 1"
你可以使用boost::bind为这个函子添加状态
boost::function<void ()> f1 = boost::bind(foo, 2);
f1();//no more argument, function argument stored in f1
//and this print "Foo 2" (:
//and normal function
boost::function<void ()> b1 = boost::bind(&Bar, 2);
b1();// print "Bar 2"
最有用的是,使用boost::bind和boost::function,你可以从类方法创建函子函数,实际上这是一个委托:
class SomeClass
{
std::string state_;
public:
SomeClass(const char* s) : state_(s) {}
void method( std::string param )
{
std::cout << state_ << param << std::endl;
}
};
SomeClass *inst = new SomeClass("Hi, i am ");
boost::function< void (std::string) > callback;
callback = boost::bind(&SomeClass::method, inst, _1);//create delegate
//_1 is a placeholder it holds plase for parameter
callback("useless");//prints "Hi, i am useless"
你可以创建函子的列表或向量
std::list< boost::function<void (EventArg e)> > events;
//add some events
....
//call them
std::for_each(
events.begin(), events.end(),
boost::bind( boost::apply<void>(), _1, e));
所有这些东西都有一个问题,编译器错误消息不是人类可读的:)