给定下面的2个toString()实现，哪个是首选的:
public String toString(){
return "{a:"+ a + ", b:" + b + ", c: " + c +"}";
}
or
public String toString(){
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(100);
return sb.append("{a:").append(a)
.append(", b:").append(b)
.append(", c:").append(c)
.append("}")
.toString();
}
?
更重要的是，鉴于我们只有3个属性，它可能不会有什么不同，但在什么时候你会从+ concat切换到StringBuilder?
当前回答
对于像这样的简单字符串，我更喜欢使用
"string".concat("string").concat("string");
按照顺序，我认为构造字符串的首选方法是使用StringBuilder, string# concat()，然后是重载的+运算符。在处理大字符串时，StringBuilder显著提高了性能，就像使用+操作符会大幅降低性能一样(随着字符串大小的增加，性能会呈指数级下降)。使用.concat()的一个问题是它会抛出nullpointerexception。
其他回答
我也和我的老板在使用append还是+的问题上发生了冲突。因为他们正在使用追加(我仍然不能弄清楚，因为他们说每次创建一个新对象)。 所以我想做些研究。虽然我喜欢Michael Borgwardt的解释，但只是想展示一个解释，如果将来有人真的需要知道的话。
/**
*
* @author Perilbrain
*/
public class Appc {
public Appc() {
String x = "no name";
x += "I have Added a name" + "We May need few more names" + Appc.this;
x.concat(x);
// x+=x.toString(); --It creates new StringBuilder object before concatenation so avoid if possible
//System.out.println(x);
}
public void Sb() {
StringBuilder sbb = new StringBuilder("no name");
sbb.append("I have Added a name");
sbb.append("We May need few more names");
sbb.append(Appc.this);
sbb.append(sbb.toString());
// System.out.println(sbb.toString());
}
}
而上述类的拆卸出来为
.method public <init>()V //public Appc()
.limit stack 2
.limit locals 2
met001_begin: ; DATA XREF: met001_slot000i
.line 12
aload_0 ; met001_slot000
invokespecial java/lang/Object.<init>()V
.line 13
ldc "no name"
astore_1 ; met001_slot001
.line 14
met001_7: ; DATA XREF: met001_slot001i
new java/lang/StringBuilder //1st object of SB
dup
invokespecial java/lang/StringBuilder.<init>()V
aload_1 ; met001_slot001
invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.append(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lan\
g/StringBuilder;
ldc "I have Added a nameWe May need few more names"
invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.append(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lan\
g/StringBuilder;
aload_0 ; met001_slot000
invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.append(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lan\
g/StringBuilder;
invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.toString()Ljava/lang/String;
astore_1 ; met001_slot001
.line 15
aload_1 ; met001_slot001
aload_1 ; met001_slot001
invokevirtual java/lang/String.concat(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Strin\
g;
pop
.line 18
return //no more SB created
met001_end: ; DATA XREF: met001_slot000i ...
; ===========================================================================
;met001_slot000 ; DATA XREF: <init>r ...
.var 0 is this LAppc; from met001_begin to met001_end
;met001_slot001 ; DATA XREF: <init>+6w ...
.var 1 is x Ljava/lang/String; from met001_7 to met001_end
.end method
;44-1=44
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Segment type: Pure code
.method public Sb()V //public void Sb
.limit stack 3
.limit locals 2
met002_begin: ; DATA XREF: met002_slot000i
.line 21
new java/lang/StringBuilder
dup
ldc "no name"
invokespecial java/lang/StringBuilder.<init>(Ljava/lang/String;)V
astore_1 ; met002_slot001
.line 22
met002_10: ; DATA XREF: met002_slot001i
aload_1 ; met002_slot001
ldc "I have Added a name"
invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.append(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lan\
g/StringBuilder;
pop
.line 23
aload_1 ; met002_slot001
ldc "We May need few more names"
invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.append(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lan\
g/StringBuilder;
pop
.line 24
aload_1 ; met002_slot001
aload_0 ; met002_slot000
invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.append(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lan\
g/StringBuilder;
pop
.line 25
aload_1 ; met002_slot001
aload_1 ; met002_slot001
invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.toString()Ljava/lang/String;
invokevirtual java/lang/StringBuilder.append(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lan\
g/StringBuilder;
pop
.line 28
return
met002_end: ; DATA XREF: met002_slot000i ...
;met002_slot000 ; DATA XREF: Sb+25r
.var 0 is this LAppc; from met002_begin to met002_end
;met002_slot001 ; DATA XREF: Sb+9w ...
.var 1 is sbb Ljava/lang/StringBuilder; from met002_10 to met002_end
.end method
;96-49=48
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
从上面的两个代码你可以看出Michael是对的。每种情况下只创建一个SB对象。
出于性能考虑，不鼓励使用+=(字符串连接)。原因是:Java String是一个不可变的，每当一个新的连接完成时，一个新的String就会被创建(新的String与已经在String池中的旧String具有不同的指纹)。创建新的字符串会给GC带来压力，并降低程序的运行速度:创建对象的开销很大。
下面的代码将使其更加实用和清晰。
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// warming up
for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(1024);
final StringBuilder appender = new StringBuilder();
for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
appender.append(RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(i));
// testing
for(int i = 1; i <= 10000; i*=10)
test(i);
}
public static void test(final int howMany)
{
List<String> samples = new ArrayList<>(howMany);
for(int i = 0; i < howMany; i++)
samples.add(RandomStringUtils.randomAlphabetic(128));
final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
long start = System.nanoTime();
for(String sample: samples)
builder.append(sample);
builder.toString();
long elapsed = System.nanoTime() - start;
System.out.printf("builder - %d - elapsed: %dus\n", howMany, elapsed / 1000);
String accumulator = "";
start = System.nanoTime();
for(String sample: samples)
accumulator += sample;
elapsed = System.nanoTime() - start;
System.out.printf("concatenation - %d - elapsed: %dus\n", howMany, elapsed / (int) 1e3);
start = System.nanoTime();
String newOne = null;
for(String sample: samples)
newOne = new String(sample);
elapsed = System.nanoTime() - start;
System.out.printf("creation - %d - elapsed: %dus\n\n", howMany, elapsed / 1000);
}
下面报告了运行的结果。
builder - 1 - elapsed: 132us
concatenation - 1 - elapsed: 4us
creation - 1 - elapsed: 5us
builder - 10 - elapsed: 9us
concatenation - 10 - elapsed: 26us
creation - 10 - elapsed: 5us
builder - 100 - elapsed: 77us
concatenation - 100 - elapsed: 1669us
creation - 100 - elapsed: 43us
builder - 1000 - elapsed: 511us
concatenation - 1000 - elapsed: 111504us
creation - 1000 - elapsed: 282us
builder - 10000 - elapsed: 3364us
concatenation - 10000 - elapsed: 5709793us
creation - 10000 - elapsed: 972us
不考虑1个连接的结果(JIT还没有完成它的工作)，即使对于10个连接，性能惩罚也是相关的;对于成千上万的连接，差异是巨大的。
从这个非常快速的实验中得到的教训(很容易用上面的代码重现):永远不要使用+=将字符串连接在一起，即使是在需要一些连接的非常基本的情况下(正如前面所说，创建新字符串无论如何都是昂贵的，并且会给GC带来压力)。
这取决于字符串的大小。
请看下面的例子:
static final int MAX_ITERATIONS = 50000;
static final int CALC_AVG_EVERY = 10000;
public static void main(String[] args) {
printBytecodeVersion();
printJavaVersion();
case1();//str.concat
case2();//+=
case3();//StringBuilder
}
static void case1() {
System.out.println("[str1.concat(str2)]");
List<Long> savedTimes = new ArrayList();
long startTimeAll = System.currentTimeMillis();
String str = "";
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_ITERATIONS; i++) {
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
str = str.concat(UUID.randomUUID() + "---");
saveTime(savedTimes, startTime);
}
System.out.println("Created string of length:" + str.length() + " in " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTimeAll) + " ms");
}
static void case2() {
System.out.println("[str1+=str2]");
List<Long> savedTimes = new ArrayList();
long startTimeAll = System.currentTimeMillis();
String str = "";
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_ITERATIONS; i++) {
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
str += UUID.randomUUID() + "---";
saveTime(savedTimes, startTime);
}
System.out.println("Created string of length:" + str.length() + " in " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTimeAll) + " ms");
}
static void case3() {
System.out.println("[str1.append(str2)]");
List<Long> savedTimes = new ArrayList();
long startTimeAll = System.currentTimeMillis();
StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder("");
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_ITERATIONS; i++) {
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
str.append(UUID.randomUUID() + "---");
saveTime(savedTimes, startTime);
}
System.out.println("Created string of length:" + str.length() + " in " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTimeAll) + " ms");
}
static void saveTime(List<Long> executionTimes, long startTime) {
executionTimes.add(System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime);
if (executionTimes.size() % CALC_AVG_EVERY == 0) {
out.println("average time for " + executionTimes.size() + " concatenations: "
+ NumberFormat.getInstance().format(executionTimes.stream().mapToLong(Long::longValue).average().orElseGet(() -> 0))
+ " ms avg");
executionTimes.clear();
}
}
输出:
java bytecode version:8 java.version: 1.8.0_144 [str1.concat(str2)] average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.096 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.185 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.327 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.501 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.656 ms avg Created string of length:1950000 in 17745 ms [str1+=str2] average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.21 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.652 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 1.129 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 1.727 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 2.302 ms avg Created string of length:1950000 in 60279 ms [str1.append(str2)] average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.002 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.002 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.002 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.002 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.002 ms avg Created string of length:1950000 in 100 ms
随着字符串长度的增加，+=和.concat的连接时间也会增加，后者效率更高，但仍然是非常量 这就是绝对需要StringBuilder的地方。
附注:我不认为什么时候在Java中使用StringBuilder是一个真正的复制。 这个问题讨论的是toString()，它在大多数情况下不会执行大字符串的连接。
2019年更新
自java8时代以来，情况发生了一些变化。现在看来(java13)， +=的连接时间实际上与str.concat()相同。但是StringBuilder的连接时间仍然是固定的。(上面的原始帖子略有编辑，添加了更多详细的输出)
java bytecode version:13 java.version: 13.0.1 [str1.concat(str2)] average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.047 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.1 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.17 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.255 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.336 ms avg Created string of length:1950000 in 9147 ms [str1+=str2] average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.037 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.097 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.249 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.298 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.326 ms avg Created string of length:1950000 in 10191 ms [str1.append(str2)] average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.001 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.001 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.001 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.001 ms avg average time for 10000 concatenations: 0.001 ms avg Created string of length:1950000 in 43 ms
值得注意的还有bytecode:8/java。与bytecode:8/java.version:8相比，Version:13组合具有良好的性能优势
使toString方法尽可能具有可读性!
在我的书中，唯一的例外是，如果你能向我证明它消耗了大量的资源:)(是的，这意味着分析)
还要注意，Java 5编译器生成的代码比早期版本的Java中使用的手写“StringBuffer”方法更快。如果你使用“+”，这和未来的增强是免费的。
值得一提的是，正如@ZhekaKozlov指出的那样，
自Java 9以来，+更快，除非JVM不知道如何优化它(例如，循环中的连接)。
我检查了以下代码的字节码(在Java 17中):
public class StringBM {
public String toStringPlus(String a) {
return "{a:" + a + ", b:" + ", c: " + "}";
}
public String toStringBuilder(String a) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(100);
return sb.append("{a:").append(a)
.append(", b:")
.append(", c:")
.append("}")
.toString();
}
}
For toStringPlus:
0: aload_1
1: invokedynamic #7, 0 // InvokeDynamic #0:makeConcatWithConstants:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;
6: areturn
for toStringBuilder:
0: new #11 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
3: dup
4: bipush 100
6: invokespecial #13 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":(I)V
9: astore_2
10: aload_2
11: ldc #16 // String {a:
13: invokevirtual #18 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
16: aload_1
17: invokevirtual #18 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
20: ldc #22 // String , b:
22: invokevirtual #18 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
25: ldc #24 // String , c:
27: invokevirtual #18 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
30: ldc #26 // String }
32: invokevirtual #18 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
35: invokevirtual #28 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
38: areturn
+版本简单地调用动态函数makeConcatWithConstants和并传入方法参数{a:\u0001, b:， c:} (\u0001是参数占位符)。 而StringBuilder版本必须以“诚实”的方式来实现。 我想我们可以看到为什么+现在更快了。
