我已经用了一段时间了。

# post.rb
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  attribute :country, :string, default: 'ID'
end

class Item < ActiveRecord::Base
  def status
    self[:status] or ACTIVE
  end

  before_save{ self.status ||= ACTIVE }
end

一些简单的情况可以通过在数据库模式中定义默认值来处理，但这不能处理许多棘手的情况，包括其他模型的计算值和键。对于这些情况，我这样做:

after_initialize :defaults

def defaults
   unless persisted?
    self.extras||={}
    self.other_stuff||="This stuff"
    self.assoc = [OtherModel.find_by_name('special')]
  end
end

我决定使用after_initialize，但我不希望它应用于只发现那些新的或创建的对象。我认为几乎令人震惊的是，这个明显的用例没有提供一个after_new回调，但我已经通过确认对象是否已经被持久化来表明它不是新的。

看过Brad Murray的回答后，如果条件被移动到回调请求，这就更加清晰了:

after_initialize :defaults, unless: :persisted?
              # ":if => :new_record?" is equivalent in this context

def defaults
  self.extras||={}
  self.other_stuff||="This stuff"
  self.assoc = [OtherModel.find_by_name('special')]
end

在rails 3中使用default_scope

接口文档

ActiveRecord模糊了在数据库(模式)中定义的默认值和在应用程序(模型)中完成的默认值之间的区别。在初始化过程中，它解析数据库模式并记录其中指定的任何默认值。稍后，在创建对象时，它将分配那些模式指定的默认值，而不涉及数据库。

讨论

每个可用的方法都有几个问题，但我认为定义一个after_initialize回调是正确的方法，原因如下:

default_scope will initialize values for new models, but then that will become the scope on which you find the model. If you just want to initialize some numbers to 0 then this is not what you want. Defining defaults in your migration also works part of the time... As has already been mentioned this will not work when you just call Model.new. Overriding initialize can work, but don't forget to call super! Using a plugin like phusion's is getting a bit ridiculous. This is ruby, do we really need a plugin just to initialize some default values? Overriding after_initialize is deprecated as of Rails 3. When I override after_initialize in rails 3.0.3 I get the following warning in the console:

弃用警告:Base#after_initialize已弃用，请使用Base。After_initialize:方法代替。(调用from /Users/me/myapp/app/models/my_model:15)

因此，我要说的是写一个after_initialize回调函数，它允许你在关联上设置默认属性，就像这样:

  class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_one :address
    after_initialize :init

    def init
      self.number  ||= 0.0           #will set the default value only if it's nil
      self.address ||= build_address #let's you set a default association
    end
  end    

现在您只有一个地方可以寻找模型的初始化。我一直在用这个方法，直到有人提出更好的方法。

警告:

For boolean fields do: self.bool_field = true if self.bool_field.nil? See Paul Russell's comment on this answer for more details If you're only selecting a subset of columns for a model (ie; using select in a query like Person.select(:firstname, :lastname).all) you will get a MissingAttributeError if your init method accesses a column that hasn't been included in the select clause. You can guard against this case like so: self.number ||= 0.0 if self.has_attribute? :number and for a boolean column... self.bool_field = true if (self.has_attribute? :bool_value) && self.bool_field.nil? Also note that the syntax is different prior to Rails 3.2 (see Cliff Darling's comment below)

我们通过迁移(通过在每个列定义上指定:default选项)将默认值放入数据库中，并让Active Record使用这些值为每个属性设置默认值。

恕我直言，这种方法与AR的原则是一致的:约定高于配置，DRY，表定义驱动模型，而不是相反。

注意，默认值仍然在应用程序(Ruby)代码中，尽管不在模型中，但在迁移中。