Python编程语言中有哪些鲜为人知但很有用的特性?
尽量将答案限制在Python核心。 每个回答一个特征。 给出一个例子和功能的简短描述，而不仅仅是文档链接。 使用标题作为第一行标记该特性。
快速链接到答案:
参数解包 牙套 链接比较运算符 修饰符 可变默认参数的陷阱/危险 描述符 字典默认的.get值 所以测试 省略切片语法 枚举 其他/ 函数作为iter()参数 生成器表达式 导入该 就地值交换 步进列表 __missing__物品 多行正则表达式 命名字符串格式化 嵌套的列表/生成器推导 运行时的新类型 .pth文件 ROT13编码 正则表达式调试 发送到发电机 交互式解释器中的制表符补全 三元表达式 试着/ / else除外 拆包+打印()函数 与声明
当前回答
小心可变默认参数
>>> def foo(x=[]):
... x.append(1)
... print x
...
>>> foo()
[1]
>>> foo()
[1, 1]
>>> foo()
[1, 1, 1]
相反，你应该使用一个表示“not given”的哨兵值，并将其替换为你想要的默认值:
>>> def foo(x=None):
... if x is None:
... x = []
... x.append(1)
... print x
>>> foo()
[1]
>>> foo()
[1]
其他回答
Re-raising例外:
# Python 2 syntax
try:
some_operation()
except SomeError, e:
if is_fatal(e):
raise
handle_nonfatal(e)
# Python 3 syntax
try:
some_operation()
except SomeError as e:
if is_fatal(e):
raise
handle_nonfatal(e)
错误处理程序中不带参数的“raise”语句告诉Python在原始回溯完整的情况下重新引发异常，允许你说“哦，对不起，对不起，我不是有意捕捉那个，对不起，对不起。”
如果你想打印、存储或修改原始的traceback，你可以使用sys.exc_info()来获取它，并且像Python一样使用'traceback'模块来打印它。
“解包”到函数参数
def foo(a, b, c):
print a, b, c
bar = (3, 14, 15)
foo(*bar)
执行打印时:
3 14 15
解释器中的解释器
标准库的code模块允许您在程序中包含自己的read-eval-print循环，或者运行整个嵌套解释器。例:(从这里抄了我的例子)
$ python
Python 2.5.1 (r251:54863, Jan 17 2008, 19:35:17)
[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5465)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> shared_var = "Set in main console"
>>> import code
>>> ic = code.InteractiveConsole({ 'shared_var': shared_var })
>>> try:
... ic.interact("My custom console banner!")
... except SystemExit, e:
... print "Got SystemExit!"
...
My custom console banner!
>>> shared_var
'Set in main console'
>>> shared_var = "Set in sub-console"
>>> import sys
>>> sys.exit()
Got SystemExit!
>>> shared_var
'Set in main console'
这对于希望接受来自用户的脚本输入或实时查询VM状态的情况非常有用。
TurboGears通过一个WebConsole来使用这个功能，你可以从这个WebConsole中查询你的实时web应用程序的状态。
Python的禅宗
>>> import this
The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
Beautiful is better than ugly.
Explicit is better than implicit.
Simple is better than complex.
Complex is better than complicated.
Flat is better than nested.
Sparse is better than dense.
Readability counts.
Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
Although practicality beats purity.
Errors should never pass silently.
Unless explicitly silenced.
In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.
Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than *right* now.
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
如果在函数中使用exec，变量查找规则将发生巨大变化。闭包不再可能，但Python允许在函数中使用任意标识符。这为您提供了一个“可修改的locals()”，并可用于星型导入标识符。缺点是，它会使每次查找都变慢，因为变量最终会在字典中而不是在帧中的槽中结束:
>>> def f():
... exec "a = 42"
... return a
...
>>> def g():
... a = 42
... return a
...
>>> import dis
>>> dis.dis(f)
2 0 LOAD_CONST 1 ('a = 42')
3 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
6 DUP_TOP
7 EXEC_STMT
3 8 LOAD_NAME 0 (a)
11 RETURN_VALUE
>>> dis.dis(g)
2 0 LOAD_CONST 1 (42)
3 STORE_FAST 0 (a)
3 6 LOAD_FAST 0 (a)
9 RETURN_VALUE
