我想知道是否有一种方法可以通过分析图像数据来确定图像是否模糊。
当前回答
在高度重视的期刊(IEEE Transactions on Image Processing)上发表的两种方法的Matlab代码可在这里获得:https://ivulab.asu.edu/software
检查CPBDM和JNBM算法。如果你检查代码，它并不难移植，顺便说一下，它是基于Marzialiano的方法作为基本特征。
其他回答
在一些自动对焦镜头的工作中，我遇到了一组非常有用的检测图像焦点的算法。它是在MATLAB中实现的，但大多数函数都很容易通过filter2D移植到OpenCV中。
它基本上是许多焦点测量算法的一个调查实现。如果您想阅读原始论文，代码中提供了对算法作者的引用。Pertuz等人2012年的论文。通过对焦点形状测量算子(SFF)的分析，对所有这些测量算子及其性能(包括应用于SFF的速度和精度)进行了回顾。
编辑:添加MATLAB代码，以防链接死亡。
function FM = fmeasure(Image, Measure, ROI)
%This function measures the relative degree of focus of
%an image. It may be invoked as:
%
% FM = fmeasure(Image, Method, ROI)
%
%Where
% Image, is a grayscale image and FM is the computed
% focus value.
% Method, is the focus measure algorithm as a string.
% see 'operators.txt' for a list of focus
% measure methods.
% ROI, Image ROI as a rectangle [xo yo width heigth].
% if an empty argument is passed, the whole
% image is processed.
%
% Said Pertuz
% Abr/2010
if ~isempty(ROI)
Image = imcrop(Image, ROI);
end
WSize = 15; % Size of local window (only some operators)
switch upper(Measure)
case 'ACMO' % Absolute Central Moment (Shirvaikar2004)
if ~isinteger(Image), Image = im2uint8(Image);
end
FM = AcMomentum(Image);
case 'BREN' % Brenner's (Santos97)
[M N] = size(Image);
DH = Image;
DV = Image;
DH(1:M-2,:) = diff(Image,2,1);
DV(:,1:N-2) = diff(Image,2,2);
FM = max(DH, DV);
FM = FM.^2;
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'CONT' % Image contrast (Nanda2001)
ImContrast = inline('sum(abs(x(:)-x(5)))');
FM = nlfilter(Image, [3 3], ImContrast);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'CURV' % Image Curvature (Helmli2001)
if ~isinteger(Image), Image = im2uint8(Image);
end
M1 = [-1 0 1;-1 0 1;-1 0 1];
M2 = [1 0 1;1 0 1;1 0 1];
P0 = imfilter(Image, M1, 'replicate', 'conv')/6;
P1 = imfilter(Image, M1', 'replicate', 'conv')/6;
P2 = 3*imfilter(Image, M2, 'replicate', 'conv')/10 ...
-imfilter(Image, M2', 'replicate', 'conv')/5;
P3 = -imfilter(Image, M2, 'replicate', 'conv')/5 ...
+3*imfilter(Image, M2, 'replicate', 'conv')/10;
FM = abs(P0) + abs(P1) + abs(P2) + abs(P3);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'DCTE' % DCT energy ratio (Shen2006)
FM = nlfilter(Image, [8 8], @DctRatio);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'DCTR' % DCT reduced energy ratio (Lee2009)
FM = nlfilter(Image, [8 8], @ReRatio);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'GDER' % Gaussian derivative (Geusebroek2000)
N = floor(WSize/2);
sig = N/2.5;
[x,y] = meshgrid(-N:N, -N:N);
G = exp(-(x.^2+y.^2)/(2*sig^2))/(2*pi*sig);
Gx = -x.*G/(sig^2);Gx = Gx/sum(Gx(:));
Gy = -y.*G/(sig^2);Gy = Gy/sum(Gy(:));
Rx = imfilter(double(Image), Gx, 'conv', 'replicate');
Ry = imfilter(double(Image), Gy, 'conv', 'replicate');
FM = Rx.^2+Ry.^2;
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'GLVA' % Graylevel variance (Krotkov86)
FM = std2(Image);
case 'GLLV' %Graylevel local variance (Pech2000)
LVar = stdfilt(Image, ones(WSize,WSize)).^2;
FM = std2(LVar)^2;
case 'GLVN' % Normalized GLV (Santos97)
FM = std2(Image)^2/mean2(Image);
case 'GRAE' % Energy of gradient (Subbarao92a)
Ix = Image;
Iy = Image;
Iy(1:end-1,:) = diff(Image, 1, 1);
Ix(:,1:end-1) = diff(Image, 1, 2);
FM = Ix.^2 + Iy.^2;
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'GRAT' % Thresholded gradient (Snatos97)
Th = 0; %Threshold
Ix = Image;
Iy = Image;
Iy(1:end-1,:) = diff(Image, 1, 1);
Ix(:,1:end-1) = diff(Image, 1, 2);
FM = max(abs(Ix), abs(Iy));
FM(FM<Th)=0;
FM = sum(FM(:))/sum(sum(FM~=0));
case 'GRAS' % Squared gradient (Eskicioglu95)
Ix = diff(Image, 1, 2);
FM = Ix.^2;
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'HELM' %Helmli's mean method (Helmli2001)
MEANF = fspecial('average',[WSize WSize]);
U = imfilter(Image, MEANF, 'replicate');
R1 = U./Image;
R1(Image==0)=1;
index = (U>Image);
FM = 1./R1;
FM(index) = R1(index);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'HISE' % Histogram entropy (Krotkov86)
FM = entropy(Image);
case 'HISR' % Histogram range (Firestone91)
FM = max(Image(:))-min(Image(:));
case 'LAPE' % Energy of laplacian (Subbarao92a)
LAP = fspecial('laplacian');
FM = imfilter(Image, LAP, 'replicate', 'conv');
FM = mean2(FM.^2);
case 'LAPM' % Modified Laplacian (Nayar89)
M = [-1 2 -1];
Lx = imfilter(Image, M, 'replicate', 'conv');
Ly = imfilter(Image, M', 'replicate', 'conv');
FM = abs(Lx) + abs(Ly);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'LAPV' % Variance of laplacian (Pech2000)
LAP = fspecial('laplacian');
ILAP = imfilter(Image, LAP, 'replicate', 'conv');
FM = std2(ILAP)^2;
case 'LAPD' % Diagonal laplacian (Thelen2009)
M1 = [-1 2 -1];
M2 = [0 0 -1;0 2 0;-1 0 0]/sqrt(2);
M3 = [-1 0 0;0 2 0;0 0 -1]/sqrt(2);
F1 = imfilter(Image, M1, 'replicate', 'conv');
F2 = imfilter(Image, M2, 'replicate', 'conv');
F3 = imfilter(Image, M3, 'replicate', 'conv');
F4 = imfilter(Image, M1', 'replicate', 'conv');
FM = abs(F1) + abs(F2) + abs(F3) + abs(F4);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'SFIL' %Steerable filters (Minhas2009)
% Angles = [0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315];
N = floor(WSize/2);
sig = N/2.5;
[x,y] = meshgrid(-N:N, -N:N);
G = exp(-(x.^2+y.^2)/(2*sig^2))/(2*pi*sig);
Gx = -x.*G/(sig^2);Gx = Gx/sum(Gx(:));
Gy = -y.*G/(sig^2);Gy = Gy/sum(Gy(:));
R(:,:,1) = imfilter(double(Image), Gx, 'conv', 'replicate');
R(:,:,2) = imfilter(double(Image), Gy, 'conv', 'replicate');
R(:,:,3) = cosd(45)*R(:,:,1)+sind(45)*R(:,:,2);
R(:,:,4) = cosd(135)*R(:,:,1)+sind(135)*R(:,:,2);
R(:,:,5) = cosd(180)*R(:,:,1)+sind(180)*R(:,:,2);
R(:,:,6) = cosd(225)*R(:,:,1)+sind(225)*R(:,:,2);
R(:,:,7) = cosd(270)*R(:,:,1)+sind(270)*R(:,:,2);
R(:,:,7) = cosd(315)*R(:,:,1)+sind(315)*R(:,:,2);
FM = max(R,[],3);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'SFRQ' % Spatial frequency (Eskicioglu95)
Ix = Image;
Iy = Image;
Ix(:,1:end-1) = diff(Image, 1, 2);
Iy(1:end-1,:) = diff(Image, 1, 1);
FM = mean2(sqrt(double(Iy.^2+Ix.^2)));
case 'TENG'% Tenengrad (Krotkov86)
Sx = fspecial('sobel');
Gx = imfilter(double(Image), Sx, 'replicate', 'conv');
Gy = imfilter(double(Image), Sx', 'replicate', 'conv');
FM = Gx.^2 + Gy.^2;
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'TENV' % Tenengrad variance (Pech2000)
Sx = fspecial('sobel');
Gx = imfilter(double(Image), Sx, 'replicate', 'conv');
Gy = imfilter(double(Image), Sx', 'replicate', 'conv');
G = Gx.^2 + Gy.^2;
FM = std2(G)^2;
case 'VOLA' % Vollath's correlation (Santos97)
Image = double(Image);
I1 = Image; I1(1:end-1,:) = Image(2:end,:);
I2 = Image; I2(1:end-2,:) = Image(3:end,:);
Image = Image.*(I1-I2);
FM = mean2(Image);
case 'WAVS' %Sum of Wavelet coeffs (Yang2003)
[C,S] = wavedec2(Image, 1, 'db6');
H = wrcoef2('h', C, S, 'db6', 1);
V = wrcoef2('v', C, S, 'db6', 1);
D = wrcoef2('d', C, S, 'db6', 1);
FM = abs(H) + abs(V) + abs(D);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'WAVV' %Variance of Wav...(Yang2003)
[C,S] = wavedec2(Image, 1, 'db6');
H = abs(wrcoef2('h', C, S, 'db6', 1));
V = abs(wrcoef2('v', C, S, 'db6', 1));
D = abs(wrcoef2('d', C, S, 'db6', 1));
FM = std2(H)^2+std2(V)+std2(D);
case 'WAVR'
[C,S] = wavedec2(Image, 3, 'db6');
H = abs(wrcoef2('h', C, S, 'db6', 1));
V = abs(wrcoef2('v', C, S, 'db6', 1));
D = abs(wrcoef2('d', C, S, 'db6', 1));
A1 = abs(wrcoef2('a', C, S, 'db6', 1));
A2 = abs(wrcoef2('a', C, S, 'db6', 2));
A3 = abs(wrcoef2('a', C, S, 'db6', 3));
A = A1 + A2 + A3;
WH = H.^2 + V.^2 + D.^2;
WH = mean2(WH);
WL = mean2(A);
FM = WH/WL;
otherwise
error('Unknown measure %s',upper(Measure))
end
end
%************************************************************************
function fm = AcMomentum(Image)
[M N] = size(Image);
Hist = imhist(Image)/(M*N);
Hist = abs((0:255)-255*mean2(Image))'.*Hist;
fm = sum(Hist);
end
%******************************************************************
function fm = DctRatio(M)
MT = dct2(M).^2;
fm = (sum(MT(:))-MT(1,1))/MT(1,1);
end
%************************************************************************
function fm = ReRatio(M)
M = dct2(M);
fm = (M(1,2)^2+M(1,3)^2+M(2,1)^2+M(2,2)^2+M(3,1)^2)/(M(1,1)^2);
end
%******************************************************************
OpenCV版本的几个例子:
// OpenCV port of 'LAPM' algorithm (Nayar89)
double modifiedLaplacian(const cv::Mat& src)
{
cv::Mat M = (Mat_<double>(3, 1) << -1, 2, -1);
cv::Mat G = cv::getGaussianKernel(3, -1, CV_64F);
cv::Mat Lx;
cv::sepFilter2D(src, Lx, CV_64F, M, G);
cv::Mat Ly;
cv::sepFilter2D(src, Ly, CV_64F, G, M);
cv::Mat FM = cv::abs(Lx) + cv::abs(Ly);
double focusMeasure = cv::mean(FM).val[0];
return focusMeasure;
}
// OpenCV port of 'LAPV' algorithm (Pech2000)
double varianceOfLaplacian(const cv::Mat& src)
{
cv::Mat lap;
cv::Laplacian(src, lap, CV_64F);
cv::Scalar mu, sigma;
cv::meanStdDev(lap, mu, sigma);
double focusMeasure = sigma.val[0]*sigma.val[0];
return focusMeasure;
}
// OpenCV port of 'TENG' algorithm (Krotkov86)
double tenengrad(const cv::Mat& src, int ksize)
{
cv::Mat Gx, Gy;
cv::Sobel(src, Gx, CV_64F, 1, 0, ksize);
cv::Sobel(src, Gy, CV_64F, 0, 1, ksize);
cv::Mat FM = Gx.mul(Gx) + Gy.mul(Gy);
double focusMeasure = cv::mean(FM).val[0];
return focusMeasure;
}
// OpenCV port of 'GLVN' algorithm (Santos97)
double normalizedGraylevelVariance(const cv::Mat& src)
{
cv::Scalar mu, sigma;
cv::meanStdDev(src, mu, sigma);
double focusMeasure = (sigma.val[0]*sigma.val[0]) / mu.val[0];
return focusMeasure;
}
不能保证这些措施是否是您的问题的最佳选择，但如果您追踪与这些措施相关的论文，它们可能会给您更多的见解。希望您觉得代码有用!我知道我说过。
是的，它是。计算快速傅里叶变换并分析结果。傅里叶变换告诉你图像中出现了哪些频率。如果有少量的高频，那么图像是模糊的。
定义术语“低”和“高”取决于你。
编辑:
正如评论中所述，如果你想用一个浮点数来表示给定图像的模糊度，你必须计算出一个合适的度量。
尼基的回答提供了这样一个衡量标准。将图像与拉普拉斯核进行卷积:
1
1 -4 1
1
并且在输出上使用一个健壮的最大度量来获得一个可以用于阈值的数字。在计算拉普拉斯函数之前尽量避免平滑过多的图像，因为你只会发现平滑后的图像确实是模糊的:-)。
估计图像清晰度的另一种非常简单的方法是使用拉普拉斯(或LoG)滤波器，并简单地选择最大值。如果你期待噪音，使用像99.9%分位数这样的稳健测量可能会更好(即选择第n高的对比度而不是最高的对比度)。如果你希望图像亮度变化，你还应该包括一个预处理步骤来标准化图像亮度/对比度(例如直方图均衡化)。
我已经在Mathematica中实现了Simon的建议，并在一些测试图像上进行了尝试:
第一个测试使用不同内核大小的高斯滤波器模糊测试图像，然后计算模糊图像的FFT，并取90%最高频率的平均值:
testFft[img_] := Table[
(
blurred = GaussianFilter[img, r];
fft = Fourier[ImageData[blurred]];
{w, h} = Dimensions[fft];
windowSize = Round[w/2.1];
Mean[Flatten[(Abs[
fft[[w/2 - windowSize ;; w/2 + windowSize,
h/2 - windowSize ;; h/2 + windowSize]]])]]
), {r, 0, 10, 0.5}]
得到对数图:
5条线代表5张测试图像，X轴代表高斯滤波半径。图像是递减的，因此FFT是一个很好的度量清晰度的方法。
这是“最高LoG”模糊估计器的代码:它简单地应用一个LoG过滤器，并返回过滤结果中最亮的像素:
testLaplacian[img_] := Table[
(
blurred = GaussianFilter[img, r];
Max[Flatten[ImageData[LaplacianGaussianFilter[blurred, 1]]]];
), {r, 0, 10, 0.5}]
得到对数图:
这里未模糊图像的传播稍微好一点(2.5 vs 3.3)，主要是因为这种方法只使用图像中最强的对比度，而FFT本质上是整个图像的平均值。函数的减少速度也更快，所以设置一个“模糊”阈值可能更容易。
基于耐克的答案。使用opencv实现基于拉普拉斯的方法很简单:
short GetSharpness(char* data, unsigned int width, unsigned int height)
{
// assumes that your image is already in planner yuv or 8 bit greyscale
IplImage* in = cvCreateImage(cvSize(width,height),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1);
IplImage* out = cvCreateImage(cvSize(width,height),IPL_DEPTH_16S,1);
memcpy(in->imageData,data,width*height);
// aperture size of 1 corresponds to the correct matrix
cvLaplace(in, out, 1);
short maxLap = -32767;
short* imgData = (short*)out->imageData;
for(int i =0;i<(out->imageSize/2);i++)
{
if(imgData[i] > maxLap) maxLap = imgData[i];
}
cvReleaseImage(&in);
cvReleaseImage(&out);
return maxLap;
}
将返回一个短消息，指示检测到的最大锐度，根据我对真实世界样本的测试，这是一个很好的指标，说明相机是否对焦。不足为奇的是，正常值是依赖于场景的，但远不如FFT方法，它有很高的假阳性率，在我的应用程序中是有用的。
在这篇文章中，我尝试了基于拉普拉斯滤波器的解决方案。这对我没有帮助。所以，我尝试了这篇文章中的解决方案，它对我的情况很好(但很慢):
import cv2
image = cv2.imread("test.jpeg")
height, width = image.shape[:2]
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
def px(x, y):
return int(gray[y, x])
sum = 0
for x in range(width-1):
for y in range(height):
sum += abs(px(x, y) - px(x+1, y))
较少模糊的图像具有最大和值!
你也可以通过改变步长来调整速度和准确度。
这部分
for x in range(width - 1):
你可以用这个替换
for x in range(0, width - 1, 10):
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