这听起来很俗气，但这是我能把这些条款直接记在脑子里的最好方法:

宣言:想象托马斯·杰斐逊发表演讲……“我在此声明这个foo在这个源代码中存在!!”

定义:想象一本字典，你正在查找Foo和它的实际意思。

根据GNU C库手册(http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Header-Files.html)

在C语言中，声明仅仅提供函数或变量存在的信息并给出其类型。对于函数声明，还可以提供关于其参数类型的信息。声明的目的是允许编译器正确地处理对声明的变量和函数的引用。另一方面，定义实际上为变量分配存储空间，或者说明函数的功能。

从C99标准，6.7(5):

声明指定一组标识符的解释和属性。标识符的定义是该标识符的声明:

对于一个对象，使存储空间为该对象保留; 对于函数，包括函数体; 类的(唯一)声明 标识符。

来自c++标准3.1(2):

声明是定义，除非它声明了一个函数而没有指定函数体，它包含extern说明符或链接规范，但既没有初始化式也没有函数体，它在类声明中声明了静态数据成员，它是类名声明，或者它是typedef声明，using-declaration，或using-directive。

下面是一些例子。

有趣的是(也许不是，但我有点惊讶)typedef int myint;是C99中的定义，但在c++中只是声明。

从c++标准文档中添加定义和声明示例(来自3.1节声明和定义)

定义:

int a;                       // defines a
extern const int c = 1;      // defines c
int f(int x) { return x+a; } // defines f and defines x
struct S { int a; int b; };  // defines S, S::a, and S::b
struct X {                   // defines X
    int x;                   // defines non-static data member x
    static int y;            // DECLARES static data member y
    X(): x(0) { }            // defines a constructor of X
};
int X::y = 1;                // defines X::y
enum { up, down };           // defines up and down
namespace N { int d; }       // defines N and N::d
namespace N1 = N;            // defines N1
X anX;                       // defines anX

声明:

extern int a;                 // declares a
extern const int c;           // declares c
int f(int);                   // declares f
struct S;                     // declares S
typedef int Int;              // declares Int
extern X anotherX;            // declares anotherX
using N::d;                   // declares d

声明意味着给变量命名和类型(在变量声明的情况下)，例如:

int i;

或者将名称、返回类型和参数类型赋给一个没有函数体的函数(在函数声明的情况下)，例如:

int max(int, int);

而定义意味着给变量赋值(在变量定义的情况下)，例如:

i = 20;

或者为函数提供/添加函数体(功能)被称为函数定义，例如:

int max(int a, int b)
{
   if(a>b)   return a;
   return b;  
}

许多时间声明和定义可以一起完成:

int i=20;

and:

int max(int a, int b)
{
    if(a>b)   return a;
    return b;    
} 

在上述情况下，我们定义并声明变量i和函数max()。

《K&R》(第二版)中有一些非常明确的定义;这有助于把它们放在一个地方，并作为一个整体来阅读:

"Definition" refers to the place where the variable is created or assigned storage; "declaration" refers to the places where the nature of the variable is stated but no storage is allocated. [p. 33] ... It is important to distinguish between the declaration of an external variable and its definition. A declaration announces the properties of a variable (primarily its type); a definition also causes storage to be set aside. If the lines int sp; double val[MAXVAL] appear outside of any function, they define the external variables sp and val, cause storage to be set aside, and also serve as the declaration for the rest of that source file. On the other hand, the lines extern int sp; extern double val[]; declare for the rest of the source file that sp is an int and that val is a double array (whose size is determined elsewhere), but they do not create the variables or reserve storage for them. There must be only one definition of an external variable among all the files that make up the source program. ... Array sizes must be specified with the definition, but are optional with an extern declaration. [pp. 80-81] ... Declarations specify the interpretation given to each identifier; they do not necessarily reserve storage associated with the identifier. Declarations that reserve storage are called definitions. [p. 210]