当您使用extern存储类时，声明和定义的概念将形成一个陷阱，因为您的定义将位于其他位置，而您是在本地代码文件(页面)中声明变量。C和c++之间的一个区别是，在C中，声明通常在函数或代码页的开头完成。在c++中不是这样的。你可以在你选择的地方申报。

《K&R》(第二版)中有一些非常明确的定义;这有助于把它们放在一个地方，并作为一个整体来阅读:

"Definition" refers to the place where the variable is created or assigned storage; "declaration" refers to the places where the nature of the variable is stated but no storage is allocated. [p. 33] ... It is important to distinguish between the declaration of an external variable and its definition. A declaration announces the properties of a variable (primarily its type); a definition also causes storage to be set aside. If the lines int sp; double val[MAXVAL] appear outside of any function, they define the external variables sp and val, cause storage to be set aside, and also serve as the declaration for the rest of that source file. On the other hand, the lines extern int sp; extern double val[]; declare for the rest of the source file that sp is an int and that val is a double array (whose size is determined elsewhere), but they do not create the variables or reserve storage for them. There must be only one definition of an external variable among all the files that make up the source program. ... Array sizes must be specified with the definition, but are optional with an extern declaration. [pp. 80-81] ... Declarations specify the interpretation given to each identifier; they do not necessarily reserve storage associated with the identifier. Declarations that reserve storage are called definitions. [p. 210]

变量的声明是为了通知编译器以下信息:变量的名称，它持有的值的类型和初始值(如果有的话)。也就是说，声明给出了关于变量属性的详细信息。然而，变量的定义说的是变量存储在哪里。也就是说，变量的内存是在定义变量时分配的。

声明:“在某处，存在一个foo。”

定义:“…就是这儿!”

从C99标准，6.7(5):

声明指定一组标识符的解释和属性。标识符的定义是该标识符的声明:

对于一个对象，使存储空间为该对象保留; 对于函数，包括函数体; 类的(唯一)声明 标识符。

来自c++标准3.1(2):

声明是定义，除非它声明了一个函数而没有指定函数体，它包含extern说明符或链接规范，但既没有初始化式也没有函数体，它在类声明中声明了静态数据成员，它是类名声明，或者它是typedef声明，using-declaration，或using-directive。

下面是一些例子。

有趣的是(也许不是，但我有点惊讶)typedef int myint;是C99中的定义，但在c++中只是声明。

c++ 11更新

由于我没有看到与c++ 11相关的答案，这里有一个。

声明是定义，除非声明了/n:

opaque enum - enum X: int; 模板参数-模板参数- MyArray 参数声明- x和y在int add(int x, int y); 别名声明-使用IntVector = std::vector<int>; - static_assert(sizeof(int) == 4， "Yikes!") 属性声明(实现定义的) 空声明;

以上列表从c++ 03继承的附加子句:

函数声明- add in int add(int x, int y); Extern说明符包含声明或链接说明符- Extern int a;或extern "C"{…}; 类中的静态数据成员-类C中的x{静态int x;}; 类/struct声明- struct Point; typedef int int; 使用声明-使用std::cout; 使用命名空间NS;

模板声明是一种声明。如果模板声明定义了函数、类或静态数据成员，那么模板声明也是定义。

以下例子来自于区分声明和定义的标准，我发现这些例子有助于理解它们之间的细微差别:

// except one all these are definitions
int a;                                  // defines a
extern const int c = 1;                 // defines c
int f(int x) { return x + a; }          // defines f and defines x
struct S { int a; int b; };             // defines S, S::a, and S::b
struct X {                              // defines X
    int x;                              // defines non-static data member x
    static int y;                       // DECLARES static data member y
    X(): x(0) { }                       // defines a constructor of X
};
int X::y = 1;                           // defines X::y
enum { up , down };                     // defines up and down
namespace N { int d; }                  // defines N and N::d
namespace N1 = N;                       // defines N1
X anX;                                  // defines anX


// all these are declarations
extern int a;                           // declares a
extern const int c;                     // declares c
int f(int);                             // declares f
struct S;                               // declares S
typedef int Int;                        // declares Int
extern X anotherX;                      // declares anotherX
using N::d;                             // declares N::d


// specific to C++11 - these are not from the standard
enum X : int;                           // declares X with int as the underlying type
using IntVector = std::vector<int>;     // declares IntVector as an alias to std::vector<int>
static_assert(X::y == 1, "Oops!");      // declares a static_assert which can render the program ill-formed or have no effect like an empty declaration, depending on the result of expr
template <class T> class C;             // declares template class C
;                                       // declares nothing