关联、聚合和组合之间的区别是什么? 请从实施的角度加以说明。
当前回答
在面向对象编程中,类是相互关联的。这意味着它们的实例相互调用方法。因此,如果一个类的实例调用另一个类的方法,它们是相关的,通常我们用ASSOCIATION来建模这种关系。 例如,在下面的代码片段中,Customer类与Order类相关联。她/他取消了订单。
class Customer {
private Order[] orders;
public boolean removeCart() {
for (int i = 0 ; i < orders.length ; i++) {
orders[i].cancel();
}
}
}
AGGREGATION意味着一个类拥有另一个类的一些实例。它只不过是联想,马丁·福勒建议不要使用它。因为当一个类与另一个类相关联时,它有一个对该类的引用来调用该类上的方法。
但是COMPOSITION是关联的一个有意义的子集。这意味着一个类是由其他一些类组成的。例如,我们有一个学生类,由其他一些类组成,如ReportCard。我们知道成绩单是非常依赖于学生的,如果我们从系统中删除了学生,他们的成绩单也应该被删除。
其他回答
令人惊讶的是,关于关联、聚合和组合这三个关系概念之间的区别存在如此多的混淆。
请注意,术语聚合和组合已经在c++社区中使用,可能在它们被定义为UML类图中关联的特殊情况之前已经有一段时间了。
主要的问题是广泛的和持续的误解(甚至在专家软件开发人员中),组合的概念意味着整体和它的部分之间的生命周期依赖关系,以至于部分不能没有整体而存在,忽略了这样一个事实,即也存在与不可共享部分的部分-整体-关联的情况,其中部分可以从整体中分离出来,并且在整体被破坏后仍然存在。
在我看来,这种困惑有两个根源:
In the C++ community, the term "aggregation" was used in the sense of a class defining an attribute for referencing objects of another independent class (see, e.g., [1]), which is the sense of association in UML Class Diagrams. The term "composition" was used for classes that define component objects for their objects, such that on destruction of the composite object, these component objects are being destroyed as well. In UML Class Diagrams, both "aggregation" and "composition" have been defined as special cases of associations representing part-whole relationships (which have been discussed in philosophy for a long time). In their definitions, the distinction between an "aggregation" and a "composition" is based on the fact if it allows sharing a part between two or more wholes. They define "compositions" as having non-shareable (exclusive) parts, while "aggregations" may share their parts. In addition they say something like the following: very often, but not in all cases, compositions come with a life-cycle dependency between the whole and its parts such that the parts cannot exist without the whole.
因此,尽管UML将术语“聚合”和“组合”放在了正确的上下文中(部分-整体关系),但是他们并没有设法以一种清晰和明确的方式来定义它们,从而捕捉开发人员的直觉。然而,这并不奇怪,因为这些关系可以有很多不同的属性(和实现的细微差别),开发人员对如何实现它们没有一致的意见。
请参见我对2009年4月SO问题的扩展回答。
c++社区中定义OOP对象之间“组合”的属性(这个信念仍然被广泛持有):两个相关对象(组合及其组件)之间的运行时生命周期依赖关系并不是“组合”的真正特征,因为在其他类型的关联中,我们也可以由于引用完整性而具有这种依赖关系。
例如,在一个SO回答中提出了以下“composition”的代码模式:
final class Car {
private final Engine engine;
Car(EngineSpecs specs) {
engine = new Engine(specs);
}
void move() {
engine.work();
}
}
被调查者声称这是“合成”的特征,没有其他类可以引用/知道这个组件。然而,并非所有可能的“组合”情况都是如此。特别是,在汽车引擎的情况下,汽车的制造商(可能是在另一个类的帮助下实现的)可能必须引用引擎,以便在出现问题时能够联系汽车的所有者。
[1] http://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/103-aggregation/
附录-关于StackOverflow上的组合与聚合的反复询问问题的不完整列表
[Apr 2009] Aggregation versus Composition [closed as primarily opinion-based by] [Apr 2009] What is the difference between Composition and Association relationship? [May 2009] Difference between association, aggregation and composition [May 2009] What is the difference between composition and aggregation? [duplicate] [Oct 2009] What is the difference between aggregation, composition and dependency? [marked as duplicate] [Nov 2010] Association vs. Aggregation [marked as duplicate] [Aug 2012] Implementation difference between Aggregation and Composition in Java [Feb 2015] UML - association or aggregation (simple code snippets)
摘自Robert Martin在comp.object中的一篇文章:
关联表示一个实例向另一个实例发送消息的能力。这通常是通过指针或引用实例变量实现的,尽管它也可以实现为一个方法参数,或创建一个局部变量。
//[Example:]
//|A|----------->|B|
class A
{
private:
B* itsB;
};
聚合[…是典型的整体/部分关系。这与实例不能具有循环聚合关系(即部分不能包含其整体)的异常关联完全相同。
//[Example:]
//|Node|<>-------->|Node|
class Node
{
private:
vector<Node*> itsNodes;
};
这是聚合的事实意味着Node的实例不能形成一个循环。因此,这是一个节点树,而不是节点图。
成分[…和聚合完全一样,只是“部分”的生命周期由“整体”控制。这种控制可以是直接的,也可以是传递的。也就是说,“整体”可以直接负责创造或破坏“部分”,或者它可以接受一个已经创建的部分,然后将它传递给其他某个整体,由其承担责任。
//[Example:]
//|Car|<#>-------->|Carburetor|
class Car
{
public:
virtual ~Car() {delete itsCarb;}
private:
Carburetor* itsCarb
};
对于Foo和Bar这两个对象,可以定义关系
关联——我与一个对象有一种关系。Foo使用Bar
public class Foo {
private Bar bar;
};
注意:请参阅Fowler的定义-关键是Bar在语义上与Foo相关,而不仅仅是一个依赖项(如int或字符串)。
组合——我拥有一个对象,我对它的生命周期负责。当Foo死了,Bar也死了
public class Foo {
private Bar bar = new Bar();
}
聚合——我有一个从别人那里借来的对象。当Foo死了,Bar可以活下去。
public class Foo {
private Bar bar;
Foo(Bar bar) {
this.bar = bar;
}
}
在一个非常简单的句子中: 聚合和组合是关联的子集。
A使用B ->这是一个聚合 A需要B ->是复合。
点击这里阅读更多。
组合(如果你删除“整体”,“部分”也会自动删除-“所有权”)
在新类中创建现有类的对象。这称为组合,因为新类是由现有类的对象组成的。 通常使用普通成员变量。 如果组合类自动处理负责创建/销毁子类的分配/回收,则可以使用指针值。
c++中的复合
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/********************** Engine Class ******************/
class Engine
{
int nEngineNumber;
public:
Engine(int nEngineNo);
~Engine(void);
};
Engine::Engine(int nEngineNo)
{
cout<<" Engine :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Engine::~Engine(void)
{
cout<<" Engine :: Destructor " <<endl;
}
/********************** Car Class ******************/
class Car
{
int nCarColorNumber;
int nCarModelNumber;
Engine objEngine;
public:
Car (int, int,int);
~Car(void);
};
Car::Car(int nModelNo,int nColorNo, int nEngineNo):
nCarModelNumber(nModelNo),nCarColorNumber(nColorNo),objEngine(nEngineNo)
{
cout<<" Car :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Car::~Car(void)
{
cout<<" Car :: Destructor " <<endl;
Car
Engine
Figure 1 : Composition
}
/********************** Bus Class ******************/
class Bus
{
int nBusColorNumber;
int nBusModelNumber;
Engine* ptrEngine;
public:
Bus(int,int,int);
~Bus(void);
};
Bus::Bus(int nModelNo,int nColorNo, int nEngineNo):
nBusModelNumber(nModelNo),nBusColorNumber(nColorNo)
{
ptrEngine = new Engine(nEngineNo);
cout<<" Bus :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Bus::~Bus(void)
{
cout<<" Bus :: Destructor " <<endl;
delete ptrEngine;
}
/********************** Main Function ******************/
int main()
{
freopen ("InstallationDump.Log", "w", stdout);
cout<<"--------------- Start Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
// Composition using simple Engine in a car object
{
cout<<"------------- Inside Car Block ------------------"<<endl;
Car objCar (1, 2,3);
}
cout<<"------------- Out of Car Block ------------------"<<endl;
// Composition using pointer of Engine in a Bus object
{
cout<<"------------- Inside Bus Block ------------------"<<endl;
Bus objBus(11, 22,33);
}
cout<<"------------- Out of Bus Block ------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"--------------- End Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
fclose (stdout);
}
输出
--------------- Start Of Program --------------------
------------- Inside Car Block ------------------
Engine :: Constructor
Car :: Constructor
Car :: Destructor
Engine :: Destructor
------------- Out of Car Block ------------------
------------- Inside Bus Block ------------------
Engine :: Constructor
Bus :: Constructor
Bus :: Destructor
Engine :: Destructor
------------- Out of Bus Block ------------------
--------------- End Of Program --------------------
聚合(如果你删除“整体”,“部分”可以存在-“无所有权”)
聚合是一种特定类型的组合,其中不暗示复杂对象和子对象之间的所有权。当一个聚合被销毁时,子对象不会被销毁。 通常使用指针变量/引用变量指向在聚合类作用域之外的对象 可以使用指向在聚合类范围之外的对象的引用值吗 不负责创建/销毁子类
c++中的聚合代码
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
/********************** Teacher Class ******************/
class Teacher
{
private:
string m_strName;
public:
Teacher(string strName);
~Teacher(void);
string GetName();
};
Teacher::Teacher(string strName) : m_strName(strName)
{
cout<<" Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: "<<m_strName<<endl;
}
Teacher::~Teacher(void)
{
cout<<" Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: "<<m_strName<<endl;
}
string Teacher::GetName()
{
return m_strName;
}
/********************** Department Class ******************/
class Department
{
private:
Teacher *m_pcTeacher;
Teacher& m_refTeacher;
public:
Department(Teacher *pcTeacher, Teacher& objTeacher);
~Department(void);
};
Department::Department(Teacher *pcTeacher, Teacher& objTeacher)
: m_pcTeacher(pcTeacher), m_refTeacher(objTeacher)
{
cout<<" Department :: Constructor " <<endl;
}
Department::~Department(void)
{
cout<<" Department :: Destructor " <<endl;
}
/********************** Main Function ******************/
int main()
{
freopen ("InstallationDump.Log", "w", stdout);
cout<<"--------------- Start Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
{
// Create a teacher outside the scope of the Department
Teacher objTeacher("Reference Teacher");
Teacher *pTeacher = new Teacher("Pointer Teacher"); // create a teacher
{
cout<<"------------- Inside Block ------------------"<<endl;
// Create a department and use the constructor parameter to pass the teacher to it.
Department cDept(pTeacher,objTeacher);
Department
Teacher
Figure 2: Aggregation
} // cDept goes out of scope here and is destroyed
cout<<"------------- Out of Block ------------------"<<endl;
// pTeacher still exists here because cDept did not destroy it
delete pTeacher;
}
cout<<"--------------- End Of Program --------------------"<<endl;
fclose (stdout);
}
输出
--------------- Start Of Program --------------------
Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: Reference Teacher
Teacher :: Constructor --- Teacher Name :: Pointer Teacher
------------- Inside Block ------------------
Department :: Constructor
Department :: Destructor
------------- Out of Block ------------------
Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: Pointer Teacher
Teacher :: Destructor --- Teacher Name :: Reference Teacher
--------------- End Of Program --------------------