您可以通过这个简单的例子查看特殊变量 __name__:

创建 file1.py

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("file1 is being run directly")
else:
    print("file1 is being imported")

创建 *file2.py

import file1 as f1

print("__name__ from file1: {}".format(f1.__name__))
print("__name__ from file2: {}".format(__name__))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("file2 is being run directly")
else:
    print("file2 is being imported")

执行 file2.py

出口:

file1 is being imported
__name__ from file1: file1
__name__ from file2: __main__
file2 is being run directly

如果 __name__ ==“__main__”是当脚本从(说)命令线运行时运行的部分,使用像 python myscript.py 这样的命令。

短答

它是字符串代码,保护用户在他们不打算时偶然提起脚本,这里有一些常见问题,当警卫被忽略了一个脚本:

长答

每当Python翻译器阅读源文件时,它都会做两件事:

让我们看看它是如何工作的,以及它是如何与您的问题有关的 __name__ 检查我们总是看到在 Python 脚本。

让我们使用一个稍微不同的代码样本来探索进口和脚本是如何工作的。

# Suppose this is foo.py.

print("before import")
import math

print("before function_a")
def function_a():
    print("Function A")

print("before function_b")
def function_b():
    print("Function B {}".format(math.sqrt(100)))

print("before __name__ guard")
if __name__ == '__main__':
    function_a()
    function_b()
print("after __name__ guard")

当您的模块是主要程序时

python foo.py

# It's as if the interpreter inserts this at the top
# of your module when run as the main program.
__name__ = "__main__" 

当您的模块由另一个模块进口时

# Suppose this is in some other main program.
import foo

# It's as if the interpreter inserts this at the top
# of your module when it's imported from another module.
__name__ = "foo"

# Find and load a module given its string name, "math",
# then assign it to a local variable called math.
math = __import__("math")

如果您的模块是主要程序,那么它会看到 __name__ 实际上设置为“__main__”并称为两个功能,打印线“函数 A”和“函数 B 10.0”。

只有当您的模块被另一个模块进口时

总是

它将在两种情况下打印“ __name__ 警卫”字符串。

总结

# What gets printed if foo is the main program
before import
before function_a
before function_b
before __name__ guard
Function A
Function B 10.0
after __name__ guard

# What gets printed if foo is imported as a regular module
before import
before function_a
before function_b
before __name__ guard
after __name__ guard

為什麼它會這樣工作?

# Suppose this is foo2.py.
import os, sys; sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(__file__)) # needed for some interpreters

def function_a():
    print("a1")
    from foo2 import function_b
    print("a2")
    function_b()
    print("a3")

def function_b():
    print("b")

print("t1")
if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("m1")
    function_a()
    print("m2")
print("t2")
      

# Suppose this is foo3.py.
import os, sys; sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(__file__)) # needed for some interpreters

def function_a():
    print("a1")
    from foo3 import function_b
    print("a2")
    function_b()
    print("a3")

def function_b():
    print("b")

print("t1")
print("m1")
function_a()
print("m2")
print("t2")

# Suppose this is in foo4.py
__name__ = "__main__"

def bar():
    print("bar")
    
print("before __name__ guard")
if __name__ == "__main__":
    bar()
print("after __name__ guard")

您可以将文件作为一个脚本以及一个可进口的模块使用。

fibo.py(一个名为fibo的模块)

# Other modules can IMPORT this MODULE to use the function fib
def fib(n):    # write Fibonacci series up to n
    a, b = 0, 1
    while b < n:
        print(b, end=' ')
        a, b = b, a+b
    print()

# This allows the file to be used as a SCRIPT
if __name__ == "__main__":
    import sys
    fib(int(sys.argv[1]))

参考: https://docs.python.org/3.5/tutorial/modules.html

它是特殊的,当一个Python文件从命令线被召唤时,通常用来召唤一个“主()”函数或执行其他适当的启动代码,如命令线论点处理,例如。

它可以用多种方式写出来,另一个是:

def some_function_for_instance_main():
    dosomething()


__name__ == '__main__' and some_function_for_instance_main()

我不是说你应该在生产代码中使用这一点,但它用来解释是否有“魔法”的东西。

它只是在Python文件中引用一个主要功能的条约。

假设我在维基百科上写了网页扫描的功能和课程,当然,这可能不是一个好例子。

我想在另一个程序中使用这些功能,而不重写它。

好吧,我进口它们,但在该文件的结尾我把 __name__ == '__main__'

当我们进口一个模块时,它内部的所有代码都从开始到结束,但当它达到条件时,它不运行函数、函数2等,即维基百科 __scrape__。

好吧,在全球范围内,Python __name__ 为当前程序定义为“__main__”。

当我们进口一个模块时,它被定义为我们当前程序的名称空间中的变量,而当前程序 __name__ 是“__main__”:

文件测试.py

def func():
    # Do something
    pass

def func2():
    # Do something
    pass

print('The program name is set to ', globals()['__name__'])

if __name__=='__main__':
    # In the current program, __name__ is equal to '__main__'
    func('https://www.wikipedia.org')
    func2('https://www.wikipedia.org')
    # Or do more jobs

import test1
print('inside of current program')
print('name is current program', __name__)
print(globals()['test1'])
test1.func('another site')
test1.func2('another site')

出口

inside of test 1
name of program is set to test1
end of module
inside of current
__main__
<module 'test1' from 'C:\\users\\ir\\appdata\\local\\programs\\python\\python38\\lib\\test1.py'>