当您互动运行Python时,本地 __name__ 变量被分配为 __main__ 的值。 同样,当您从命令行中执行一个Python 模块时,而不是将其导入到另一个模块时,其 __name__ 属性被分配为 __main__ 的值,而不是模块的实际名称。

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Do something appropriate here, like calling a
    # main() function defined elsewhere in this module.
    main()
else:
    # Do nothing. This module has been imported by another
    # module that wants to make use of the functions,
    # classes and other useful bits it has defined.

短答

它是字符串代码,保护用户在他们不打算时偶然提起脚本,这里有一些常见问题,当警卫被忽略了一个脚本:

长答

每当Python翻译器阅读源文件时,它都会做两件事:

让我们看看它是如何工作的,以及它是如何与您的问题有关的 __name__ 检查我们总是看到在 Python 脚本。

让我们使用一个稍微不同的代码样本来探索进口和脚本是如何工作的。

# Suppose this is foo.py.

print("before import")
import math

print("before function_a")
def function_a():
    print("Function A")

print("before function_b")
def function_b():
    print("Function B {}".format(math.sqrt(100)))

print("before __name__ guard")
if __name__ == '__main__':
    function_a()
    function_b()
print("after __name__ guard")

当您的模块是主要程序时

python foo.py

# It's as if the interpreter inserts this at the top
# of your module when run as the main program.
__name__ = "__main__" 

当您的模块由另一个模块进口时

# Suppose this is in some other main program.
import foo

# It's as if the interpreter inserts this at the top
# of your module when it's imported from another module.
__name__ = "foo"

# Find and load a module given its string name, "math",
# then assign it to a local variable called math.
math = __import__("math")

如果您的模块是主要程序,那么它会看到 __name__ 实际上设置为“__main__”并称为两个功能,打印线“函数 A”和“函数 B 10.0”。

只有当您的模块被另一个模块进口时

总是

它将在两种情况下打印“ __name__ 警卫”字符串。

总结

# What gets printed if foo is the main program
before import
before function_a
before function_b
before __name__ guard
Function A
Function B 10.0
after __name__ guard

# What gets printed if foo is imported as a regular module
before import
before function_a
before function_b
before __name__ guard
after __name__ guard

為什麼它會這樣工作?

# Suppose this is foo2.py.
import os, sys; sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(__file__)) # needed for some interpreters

def function_a():
    print("a1")
    from foo2 import function_b
    print("a2")
    function_b()
    print("a3")

def function_b():
    print("b")

print("t1")
if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("m1")
    function_a()
    print("m2")
print("t2")
      

# Suppose this is foo3.py.
import os, sys; sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(__file__)) # needed for some interpreters

def function_a():
    print("a1")
    from foo3 import function_b
    print("a2")
    function_b()
    print("a3")

def function_b():
    print("b")

print("t1")
print("m1")
function_a()
print("m2")
print("t2")

# Suppose this is in foo4.py
__name__ = "__main__"

def bar():
    print("bar")
    
print("before __name__ guard")
if __name__ == "__main__":
    bar()
print("after __name__ guard")

---

开发和测试您的代码

def do_important():
    """This function does something very important"""

do_important()

以此为主,以此为主,以此为主。

~$ python important.py

问题

但是,如果你想将模块导入到另一个脚本:

import important

# do_important() # I must remember to uncomment to execute this!

更好的方式

if __name__ == "__main__":
    do_important()

但是,在这一点上,有一个皮托尼的改善方式。

如果我们想从模块之外运行这个业务过程,怎么办?

如果我们把我们想要练习的代码,当我们开发并测试这样的功能时,然后立即检查“__main__”之后:

def main():
    """business logic for when running this module as the primary one!"""
    setup()
    foo = do_important()
    bar = do_even_more_important(foo)
    for baz in bar:
        do_super_important(baz)
    teardown()

# Here's our payoff idiom!
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

我们现在有一个最终功能,我们的模块的结束将运行,如果我们运行模块作为主模块。

它将允许模块及其功能和类被进口到其他脚本,而不运行主功能,并将允许模块(及其功能和类)在从不同的“__main__”模块运行时被召唤,即。

import important
important.main()

当您执行模块(源文件)时,条件是否检查模块是否直接被召唤或从另一个源文件被召唤。

如果直接呼吁执行,则模块名称将设置为“主”,然后在如果区块内的代码将执行。

您可以通过这个简单的例子查看特殊变量 __name__:

创建 file1.py

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("file1 is being run directly")
else:
    print("file1 is being imported")

创建 *file2.py

import file1 as f1

print("__name__ from file1: {}".format(f1.__name__))
print("__name__ from file2: {}".format(__name__))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("file2 is being run directly")
else:
    print("file2 is being imported")

执行 file2.py

出口:

file1 is being imported
__name__ from file1: file1
__name__ from file2: __main__
file2 is being run directly

如果 Python 翻译器运行一个特定的模块,那么 __name__ 全球变量将有“__main__”的值:

def a():
    print("a")

def b():
    print("b")

if __name__ == "__main__":

        print ("you can see me")
        a()
else:

        print ("You can't see me")
        b()

当你运行这个脚本时,它打印:

you can see me
a

如果您输入此文件,请说 A 到 B 文件,然后执行 B 文件,然后如果 __name__ == “__main__” 在 A 文件中变成错误,那么它打印:

You can't see me
b