itertools。Groupby是一个对项目进行分组的工具。

从文档中，我们进一步收集了它可能做的事情:

# [k for k, g in groupby('AAAABBBCCDAABBB')]——> AB CDA B # [list(g) for k, g in groupby('AAAABBBCCD')]——> AAAABBBCC

Groupby对象产生键-组对，其中组是一个生成器。

特性

A.将连续的项目组合在一起 B.给定一个已排序的可迭代对象，对一个项目的所有出现进行分组 C.指定如何使用键功能*对项目进行分组

比较

# Define a printer for comparing outputs
>>> def print_groupby(iterable, keyfunc=None):
...    for k, g in it.groupby(iterable, keyfunc):
...        print("key: '{}'--> group: {}".format(k, list(g)))

# Feature A: group consecutive occurrences
>>> print_groupby("BCAACACAADBBB")
key: 'B'--> group: ['B']
key: 'C'--> group: ['C']
key: 'A'--> group: ['A', 'A']
key: 'C'--> group: ['C']
key: 'A'--> group: ['A']
key: 'C'--> group: ['C']
key: 'A'--> group: ['A', 'A']
key: 'D'--> group: ['D']
key: 'B'--> group: ['B', 'B', 'B']

# Feature B: group all occurrences
>>> print_groupby(sorted("BCAACACAADBBB"))
key: 'A'--> group: ['A', 'A', 'A', 'A', 'A']
key: 'B'--> group: ['B', 'B', 'B', 'B']
key: 'C'--> group: ['C', 'C', 'C']
key: 'D'--> group: ['D']

# Feature C: group by a key function
>>> # islower = lambda s: s.islower()                      # equivalent
>>> def islower(s):
...     """Return True if a string is lowercase, else False."""   
...     return s.islower()
>>> print_groupby(sorted("bCAaCacAADBbB"), keyfunc=islower)
key: 'False'--> group: ['A', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C', 'D']
key: 'True'--> group: ['a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c']

Uses

Anagrams (see notebook) Binning Group odd and even numbers Group a list by values Remove duplicate elements Find indices of repeated elements in an array Split an array into n-sized chunks Find corresponding elements between two lists Compression algorithm (see notebook)/Run Length Encoding Grouping letters by length, key function (see notebook) Consecutive values over a threshold (see notebook) Find ranges of numbers in a list or continuous items (see docs) Find all related longest sequences Take consecutive sequences that meet a condition (see related post)

注意:后面的几个例子来自Víctor Terrón的PyCon (talk)(西班牙语)，“Kung Fu at Dawn with Itertools”。请参见用C语言编写的groupby源代码。

*一个函数，其中所有项都被传递和比较，影响结果。其他具有key函数的对象包括sorted()， max()和min()。

响应

# OP: Yes, you can use `groupby`, e.g. 
[do_something(list(g)) for _, g in groupby(lxml_elements, criteria_func)]

@CaptSolo，我试过你的例子，但没用。

from itertools import groupby 
[(c,len(list(cs))) for c,cs in groupby('Pedro Manoel')]

输出:

[('P', 1), ('e', 1), ('d', 1), ('r', 1), ('o', 1), (' ', 1), ('M', 1), ('a', 1), ('n', 1), ('o', 1), ('e', 1), ('l', 1)]

如你所见，有两个o和两个e，但它们被分成了不同的组。这时我意识到需要对传递给groupby函数的列表进行排序。所以，正确的用法是:

name = list('Pedro Manoel')
name.sort()
[(c,len(list(cs))) for c,cs in groupby(name)]

输出:

[(' ', 1), ('M', 1), ('P', 1), ('a', 1), ('d', 1), ('e', 2), ('l', 1), ('n', 1), ('o', 2), ('r', 1)]

记住，如果列表没有排序，groupby函数将不起作用!

另一个例子:

for key, igroup in itertools.groupby(xrange(12), lambda x: x // 5):
    print key, list(igroup)

结果

0 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
1 [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
2 [10, 11]

注意，igroup是一个迭代器(文档称之为子迭代器)。

这对于分块生成器很有用:

def chunker(items, chunk_size):
    '''Group items in chunks of chunk_size'''
    for _key, group in itertools.groupby(enumerate(items), lambda x: x[0] // chunk_size):
        yield (g[1] for g in group)

with open('file.txt') as fobj:
    for chunk in chunker(fobj):
        process(chunk)

groupby的另一个例子-当键没有排序时。在以下示例中，xx中的项按yy中的值进行分组。在这种情况下，首先输出一组0，然后是一组1，然后又是一组0。

xx = range(10)
yy = [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]
for group in itertools.groupby(iter(xx), lambda x: yy[x]):
    print group[0], list(group[1])

生产:

0 [0, 1, 2]
1 [3, 4, 5]
0 [6, 7, 8, 9]

警告:

语法列表(groupby(…))不会按您想要的方式工作。它似乎破坏了内部迭代器对象，所以使用

for x in list(groupby(range(10))):
    print(list(x[1]))

会产生:

[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[9]

而不是list(groupby(…))，尝试[(k, list(g)) for k,g in groupby(…)]，或者如果你经常使用这种语法，

def groupbylist(*args, **kwargs):
    return [(k, list(g)) for k, g in groupby(*args, **kwargs)]

并且可以访问groupby功能，同时避免那些讨厌的(对于小数据)迭代器。

排序和分组

from itertools import groupby

val = [{'name': 'satyajit', 'address': 'btm', 'pin': 560076}, 
       {'name': 'Mukul', 'address': 'Silk board', 'pin': 560078},
       {'name': 'Preetam', 'address': 'btm', 'pin': 560076}]


for pin, list_data in groupby(sorted(val, key=lambda k: k['pin']),lambda x: x['pin']):
...     print pin
...     for rec in list_data:
...             print rec
... 
o/p:

560076
{'name': 'satyajit', 'pin': 560076, 'address': 'btm'}
{'name': 'Preetam', 'pin': 560076, 'address': 'btm'}
560078
{'name': 'Mukul', 'pin': 560078, 'address': 'Silk board'}

itertools。Groupby是一个对项目进行分组的工具。

从文档中，我们进一步收集了它可能做的事情:

# [k for k, g in groupby('AAAABBBCCDAABBB')]——> AB CDA B # [list(g) for k, g in groupby('AAAABBBCCD')]——> AAAABBBCC

Groupby对象产生键-组对，其中组是一个生成器。

特性

A.将连续的项目组合在一起 B.给定一个已排序的可迭代对象，对一个项目的所有出现进行分组 C.指定如何使用键功能*对项目进行分组

比较

# Define a printer for comparing outputs
>>> def print_groupby(iterable, keyfunc=None):
...    for k, g in it.groupby(iterable, keyfunc):
...        print("key: '{}'--> group: {}".format(k, list(g)))

# Feature A: group consecutive occurrences
>>> print_groupby("BCAACACAADBBB")
key: 'B'--> group: ['B']
key: 'C'--> group: ['C']
key: 'A'--> group: ['A', 'A']
key: 'C'--> group: ['C']
key: 'A'--> group: ['A']
key: 'C'--> group: ['C']
key: 'A'--> group: ['A', 'A']
key: 'D'--> group: ['D']
key: 'B'--> group: ['B', 'B', 'B']

# Feature B: group all occurrences
>>> print_groupby(sorted("BCAACACAADBBB"))
key: 'A'--> group: ['A', 'A', 'A', 'A', 'A']
key: 'B'--> group: ['B', 'B', 'B', 'B']
key: 'C'--> group: ['C', 'C', 'C']
key: 'D'--> group: ['D']

# Feature C: group by a key function
>>> # islower = lambda s: s.islower()                      # equivalent
>>> def islower(s):
...     """Return True if a string is lowercase, else False."""   
...     return s.islower()
>>> print_groupby(sorted("bCAaCacAADBbB"), keyfunc=islower)
key: 'False'--> group: ['A', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C', 'D']
key: 'True'--> group: ['a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c']

Uses

Anagrams (see notebook) Binning Group odd and even numbers Group a list by values Remove duplicate elements Find indices of repeated elements in an array Split an array into n-sized chunks Find corresponding elements between two lists Compression algorithm (see notebook)/Run Length Encoding Grouping letters by length, key function (see notebook) Consecutive values over a threshold (see notebook) Find ranges of numbers in a list or continuous items (see docs) Find all related longest sequences Take consecutive sequences that meet a condition (see related post)

注意:后面的几个例子来自Víctor Terrón的PyCon (talk)(西班牙语)，“Kung Fu at Dawn with Itertools”。请参见用C语言编写的groupby源代码。

*一个函数，其中所有项都被传递和比较，影响结果。其他具有key函数的对象包括sorted()， max()和min()。

响应

# OP: Yes, you can use `groupby`, e.g. 
[do_something(list(g)) for _, g in groupby(lxml_elements, criteria_func)]