厕所的例子是一个有趣的类比:

Mutex: Is a key to a toilet. One person can have the key - occupy the toilet - at the time. When finished, the person gives (frees) the key to the next person in the queue. Officially: "Mutexes are typically used to serialise access to a section of re-entrant code that cannot be executed concurrently by more than one thread. A mutex object only allows one thread into a controlled section, forcing other threads which attempt to gain access to that section to wait until the first thread has exited from that section." Ref: Symbian Developer Library (A mutex is really a semaphore with value 1.) Semaphore: Is the number of free identical toilet keys. Example, say we have four toilets with identical locks and keys. The semaphore count - the count of keys - is set to 4 at beginning (all four toilets are free), then the count value is decremented as people are coming in. If all toilets are full, ie. there are no free keys left, the semaphore count is 0. Now, when eq. one person leaves the toilet, semaphore is increased to 1 (one free key), and given to the next person in the queue. Officially: "A semaphore restricts the number of simultaneous users of a shared resource up to a maximum number. Threads can request access to the resource (decrementing the semaphore), and can signal that they have finished using the resource (incrementing the semaphore)." Ref: Symbian Developer Library

除了互斥对象有一个所有者之外，这两个对象还可以针对不同的用途进行优化。互斥锁被设计为只保留很短的时间;违反这一点会导致糟糕的性能和不公平的调度。例如，一个正在运行的线程可能被允许获取一个互斥量，即使另一个线程已经被阻塞在这个线程上。信号量可以提供更多的公平性，或者可以使用几个条件变量强制实现公平性。

互斥锁用于“锁定机制”。每次只有一个进程可以使用共享资源

而

信号量用于“信号机制” 比如“我完成了，现在可以继续了”

虽然二进制信号量可以用作互斥量，但互斥量是一个更具体的用例，因为只有锁定了互斥量的进程才应该解锁它。这种所有权限制使我们有可能对以下情况提供保护:

意外释放 递归死锁 任务死亡死锁

这些限制并不总是存在，因为它们降低了速度。在代码开发期间，您可以暂时启用这些检查。

例如，你可以在互斥锁中启用错误检查属性。错误检查互斥量返回EDEADLK，如果你试图锁定同一个互斥量两次，如果你解锁了一个不是你的互斥量，返回EPERM。

pthread_mutex_t mutex;
pthread_mutexattr_t attr;
pthread_mutexattr_init (&attr);
pthread_mutexattr_settype (&attr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP);
pthread_mutex_init (&mutex, &attr);

一旦初始化，我们可以将这些检查放在我们的代码中，就像这样:

if(pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex)==EPERM)
 printf("Unlock failed:Mutex not owned by this thread\n");

在窗口，差异如下所示。 MUTEX:成功执行等待的进程必须执行一个信号，反之亦然。二进制信号量:不同的进程可以在一个信号量上执行等待或信号操作。

修改问题是-互斥量和“二进制”信号量在“Linux”中的区别是什么?

答:以下是它们的区别 i)作用域——互斥锁的作用域在创建它的进程地址空间内，用于线程同步。而信号量可以跨进程空间使用，因此它可以用于进程间同步。

ii)互斥量是轻量级的，比信号量更快。Futex甚至更快。

iii)同一线程可以成功多次获得互斥锁，条件是互斥锁释放次数相同。其他线程试图获取将阻塞。而对于信号量，如果同一个进程试图再次获取它，它会阻塞，因为它只能获得一次。