简而言之，请。: -)

身份验证=登录名+密码(你是谁) 授权=权限(你被允许做的事情)

简短的“auth”最有可能指的是第一个或两者。

假设你注册了一个技术会议。你到了，走到外面的登记桌前领取你的会议徽章。你必须先出示某种形式的身份证明，比如驾照。你的驾照可以识别你的身份(比如你的照片)，并由一个受信任的实体(车管所)分发。这就是身份验证。

工作人员将你的徽章交给你，徽章是红色、蓝色或绿色的。在会场内走一圈，你会发现一些展品都是用颜色标注的。有了绿色徽章，您可以进入绿色的展品，但不能进入蓝色或红色的展品。徽章不是由DMV分发的，而是由会议本身分发的，用于访问会议厅内的会议资源。

徽章上不一定有任何可以识别你的东西(徽章上可能印着你的名字，但你可以很容易地借用你朋友的蓝色徽章去参观蓝色展览——没有人会检查你的名字，只有蓝色)。你徽章的颜色允许你进入展品。这就是授权。

认证是验证实体身份的过程。例如

Webserver每次都要求用户输入登录名/密码，以验证创建该帐户的用户是否是现在正在访问该帐户的用户。

授权是允许每个实体获得所需数量的服务/资源的过程。例如

On blogging site (eg. medium.com) users can create an account and write a post and publish. And users can read all posts published by others as well. Here the blogging server first authenticates the user with the user login credentials (login/password) and then it authorizes to read all others post and write/modify the post only created by the user. Here authorization is used by the server to limit which all post each user can modify. Users can create a free google account by which google server provides free services like mail, calendar, chat, drives etc. But the storage provided for all these services to free users are 15GB (as of now). User can pay a monthly or annual fee to google server to increase the storage space. Here google server authorizes every authenticated user to limit the amount of resource usage.

在当今的互联网中，授权被广泛用于对客户端施加访问限制。

认证是识别有效用户的过程。

授权是验证用户访问级别的过程。

应用程序示例 用户A、用户B均为库存应用的认证用户。 两个用户都可以进入股票，但B对发行项目有更多的授权权力。

补充@Kerrek的答案;

身份验证为通用形式(所有员工都可以登录机器)

授权是专用形式(但管理员只能在机器上安装/卸载应用程序)

正如身份验证vs授权所言:

Authentication is the mechanism whereby systems may securely identify their users. Authentication systems provide an answers to the questions: Who is the user? Is the user really who he/she represents himself to be? Authorization, by contrast, is the mechanism by which a system determines what level of access a particular authenticated user should have to secured resources controlled by the system. For example, a database management system might be designed so as to provide certain specified individuals with the ability to retrieve information from a database but not the ability to change data stored in the datbase, while giving other individuals the ability to change data. Authorization systems provide answers to the questions: Is user X authorized to access resource R? Is user X authorized to perform operation P? Is user X authorized to perform operation P on resource R?

参见:

Wikipedia上的身份验证与授权