认证是验证实体身份的过程。例如

Webserver每次都要求用户输入登录名/密码，以验证创建该帐户的用户是否是现在正在访问该帐户的用户。

授权是允许每个实体获得所需数量的服务/资源的过程。例如

On blogging site (eg. medium.com) users can create an account and write a post and publish. And users can read all posts published by others as well. Here the blogging server first authenticates the user with the user login credentials (login/password) and then it authorizes to read all others post and write/modify the post only created by the user. Here authorization is used by the server to limit which all post each user can modify. Users can create a free google account by which google server provides free services like mail, calendar, chat, drives etc. But the storage provided for all these services to free users are 15GB (as of now). User can pay a monthly or annual fee to google server to increase the storage space. Here google server authorizes every authenticated user to limit the amount of resource usage.

在当今的互联网中，授权被广泛用于对客户端施加访问限制。

身份验证是确定某人确实是他们所声称的那个人的过程。 授权是指决定谁可以做什么的规则。例如，亚当可能被授权创建和删除数据库， 而Usama只被授权阅读。

这两个概念是完全正交和独立的，但它们都是安全设计的核心，如果其中任何一个概念都不正确，就会导致妥协。

就web应用程序而言，简单地说，身份验证是指你检查登录凭证，看看你是否识别出用户已登录，而授权是指你在访问控制中查看是否允许用户查看、编辑、删除或创建内容。

补充@Kerrek的答案;

身份验证为通用形式(所有员工都可以登录机器)

授权是专用形式(但管理员只能在机器上安装/卸载应用程序)

Authentication是一个验证的过程:

系统中的用户身份(用户名、登录名、电话号码、电子邮件……)，通过提供证明(密钥、生物识别、短信……)作为扩展的多因素身份验证。 使用数字签名检查电子邮件[关于] 校验和

授权是身份验证之后的下一步。它是关于资源的权限/角色/特权。OAuth(开放授权)是授权的一个例子

我试图用最简单的语言来解释这一点

1)身份验证意味着“你是你所说的那个人吗?”

2)授权意味着“你能做你想做的事吗?”

这在下图中也有描述。

我试图用最好的术语来解释它，并创造了一个相同的图像。

认证是验证实体身份的过程。例如

Webserver每次都要求用户输入登录名/密码，以验证创建该帐户的用户是否是现在正在访问该帐户的用户。

授权是允许每个实体获得所需数量的服务/资源的过程。例如

On blogging site (eg. medium.com) users can create an account and write a post and publish. And users can read all posts published by others as well. Here the blogging server first authenticates the user with the user login credentials (login/password) and then it authorizes to read all others post and write/modify the post only created by the user. Here authorization is used by the server to limit which all post each user can modify. Users can create a free google account by which google server provides free services like mail, calendar, chat, drives etc. But the storage provided for all these services to free users are 15GB (as of now). User can pay a monthly or annual fee to google server to increase the storage space. Here google server authorizes every authenticated user to limit the amount of resource usage.

在当今的互联网中，授权被广泛用于对客户端施加访问限制。