在Java中,IoC / DI是一种非常常见的实践,广泛应用于web应用程序、几乎所有可用的框架和Java EE中。另一方面,也有很多大型的Python web应用程序,但除了Zope(我听说它的编码真的很糟糕)之外,IoC在Python世界中似乎并不常见。(如果你认为我是错的,请举一些例子)。
当然,有一些流行的Java IoC框架的克隆可用于Python,例如springpython。但它们似乎都没有被实际使用。至少,我从来没有碰到过Django或sqlalchemy+<插入您最喜欢的wsgi工具箱在这里>的基于web应用程序使用类似的东西。
在我看来,IoC有合理的优势,可以很容易地取代django-default-user-model,但在Python中广泛使用接口类和IoC看起来有点奇怪,而且不»pythonic«。但是也许有人有更好的解释,为什么IoC在Python中没有被广泛使用。
似乎人们真的不明白依赖注入和控制反转意味着什么了。
使用控制反转的实践是让类或函数依赖于其他类或函数,但是与其在类或函数代码中创建实例,不如将它们作为参数接收,这样就可以实现松耦合。这有很多好处,如更多的可测试性和实现利斯科夫替换原理。
You see, by working with interfaces and injections, your code gets more maintainable, since you can change the behavior easily, because you won't have to rewrite a single line of code (maybe a line or two on the DI configuration) of your class to change its behavior, since the classes that implement the interface your class is waiting for can vary independently as long as they follow the interface. One of the best strategies to keep code decoupled and easy to maintain is to follow at least the single responsibility, substitution and dependency inversion principles.
What's a DI library good for if you can instantiate an object yourself inside a package and import it to inject it yourself? The chosen answer is right, since java has no procedural sections (code outside of classes), all that goes into boring configuration xml's, hence the need of a class to instantiate and inject dependencies on a lazy load fashion so you don't blow away your performance, while on python you just code the injections in the "procedural" (code outside classes) sections of your code.
我支持“Jörg W Mittag”的回答:“DI/IoC的Python实现是如此的轻量级,以至于它完全消失了”。
为了支持这一说法,看看Martin Fowler从Java移植到Python的著名示例:Python:Design_Patterns:Inversion_of_Control
从上面的链接中可以看到,Python中的“Container”可以用8行代码编写:
class Container:
def __init__(self, system_data):
for component_name, component_class, component_args in system_data:
if type(component_class) == types.ClassType:
args = [self.__dict__[arg] for arg in component_args]
self.__dict__[component_name] = component_class(*args)
else:
self.__dict__[component_name] = component_class
实际上,使用DI编写足够干净和紧凑的代码是相当容易的(我想知道,它会/保持python化吗,但无论如何:)),例如,我实际上更喜欢这种编码方式:
def polite(name_str):
return "dear " + name_str
def rude(name_str):
return name_str + ", you, moron"
def greet(name_str, call=polite):
print "Hello, " + call(name_str) + "!"
_
>>greet("Peter")
Hello, dear Peter!
>>greet("Jack", rude)
Hello, Jack, you, moron!
是的,这可以被看作是参数化函数/类的一种简单形式,但它确实起作用了。所以,也许Python默认包含的电池在这里也足够了。
另外,我还发布了一个更大的例子,说明了这种简单的方法在Python中动态计算简单的布尔逻辑。