我使用subprocess模块启动子流程并连接到其输出流(标准输出)。我希望能够对其标准输出执行非阻塞读取。是否有一种方法使.readline非阻塞或在我调用.readline之前检查流上是否有数据?我希望这是可移植的，或者至少可以在Windows和Linux下工作。
下面是我现在怎么做的(如果没有数据可用，它会阻塞在.readline上):
p = subprocess.Popen('myprogram.exe', stdout = subprocess.PIPE)
output_str = p.stdout.readline()
当前回答
You can do this really easily in Twisted. Depending upon your existing code base, this might not be that easy to use, but if you are building a twisted application, then things like this become almost trivial. You create a ProcessProtocol class, and override the outReceived() method. Twisted (depending upon the reactor used) is usually just a big select() loop with callbacks installed to handle data from different file descriptors (often network sockets). So the outReceived() method is simply installing a callback for handling data coming from STDOUT. A simple example demonstrating this behavior is as follows:
from twisted.internet import protocol, reactor
class MyProcessProtocol(protocol.ProcessProtocol):
def outReceived(self, data):
print data
proc = MyProcessProtocol()
reactor.spawnProcess(proc, './myprogram', ['./myprogram', 'arg1', 'arg2', 'arg3'])
reactor.run()
Twisted文档在这方面有一些很好的信息。
如果您围绕Twisted构建整个应用程序，它可以与其他进程(本地或远程)进行异步通信，就像这样非常优雅。另一方面，如果您的程序不是构建在Twisted之上，那么这真的不会有多大帮助。希望这能对其他读者有所帮助，即使它不适用于您的特定应用程序。
其他回答
Fcntl, select, asyncproc在这种情况下不起作用。
不管操作系统如何，读取流而不阻塞的可靠方法是使用Queue.get_nowait():
import sys
from subprocess import PIPE, Popen
from threading import Thread
try:
from queue import Queue, Empty
except ImportError:
from Queue import Queue, Empty # python 2.x
ON_POSIX = 'posix' in sys.builtin_module_names
def enqueue_output(out, queue):
for line in iter(out.readline, b''):
queue.put(line)
out.close()
p = Popen(['myprogram.exe'], stdout=PIPE, bufsize=1, close_fds=ON_POSIX)
q = Queue()
t = Thread(target=enqueue_output, args=(p.stdout, q))
t.daemon = True # thread dies with the program
t.start()
# ... do other things here
# read line without blocking
try: line = q.get_nowait() # or q.get(timeout=.1)
except Empty:
print('no output yet')
else: # got line
# ... do something with line
在我的例子中，我需要一个日志模块来捕获后台应用程序的输出并对其进行扩充(添加时间戳、颜色等)。
我最终使用了一个后台线程来执行实际的I/O操作。以下代码仅适用于POSIX平台。我去掉了不重要的部分。
如果有人打算长期使用这个野兽，可以考虑管理开放描述符。对我来说，这不是什么大问题。
# -*- python -*-
import fcntl
import threading
import sys, os, errno
import subprocess
class Logger(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, *modules):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
try:
from select import epoll, EPOLLIN
self.__poll = epoll()
self.__evt = EPOLLIN
self.__to = -1
except:
from select import poll, POLLIN
print 'epoll is not available'
self.__poll = poll()
self.__evt = POLLIN
self.__to = 100
self.__fds = {}
self.daemon = True
self.start()
def run(self):
while True:
events = self.__poll.poll(self.__to)
for fd, ev in events:
if (ev&self.__evt) != self.__evt:
continue
try:
self.__fds[fd].run()
except Exception, e:
print e
def add(self, fd, log):
assert not self.__fds.has_key(fd)
self.__fds[fd] = log
self.__poll.register(fd, self.__evt)
class log:
logger = Logger()
def __init__(self, name):
self.__name = name
self.__piped = False
def fileno(self):
if self.__piped:
return self.write
self.read, self.write = os.pipe()
fl = fcntl.fcntl(self.read, fcntl.F_GETFL)
fcntl.fcntl(self.read, fcntl.F_SETFL, fl | os.O_NONBLOCK)
self.fdRead = os.fdopen(self.read)
self.logger.add(self.read, self)
self.__piped = True
return self.write
def __run(self, line):
self.chat(line, nl=False)
def run(self):
while True:
try: line = self.fdRead.readline()
except IOError, exc:
if exc.errno == errno.EAGAIN:
return
raise
self.__run(line)
def chat(self, line, nl=True):
if nl: nl = '\n'
else: nl = ''
sys.stdout.write('[%s] %s%s' % (self.__name, line, nl))
def system(command, param=[], cwd=None, env=None, input=None, output=None):
args = [command] + param
p = subprocess.Popen(args, cwd=cwd, stdout=output, stderr=output, stdin=input, env=env, bufsize=0)
p.wait()
ls = log('ls')
ls.chat('go')
system("ls", ['-l', '/'], output=ls)
date = log('date')
date.chat('go')
system("date", output=date)
You can do this really easily in Twisted. Depending upon your existing code base, this might not be that easy to use, but if you are building a twisted application, then things like this become almost trivial. You create a ProcessProtocol class, and override the outReceived() method. Twisted (depending upon the reactor used) is usually just a big select() loop with callbacks installed to handle data from different file descriptors (often network sockets). So the outReceived() method is simply installing a callback for handling data coming from STDOUT. A simple example demonstrating this behavior is as follows:
from twisted.internet import protocol, reactor
class MyProcessProtocol(protocol.ProcessProtocol):
def outReceived(self, data):
print data
proc = MyProcessProtocol()
reactor.spawnProcess(proc, './myprogram', ['./myprogram', 'arg1', 'arg2', 'arg3'])
reactor.run()
Twisted文档在这方面有一些很好的信息。
如果您围绕Twisted构建整个应用程序，它可以与其他进程(本地或远程)进行异步通信，就像这样非常优雅。另一方面，如果您的程序不是构建在Twisted之上，那么这真的不会有多大帮助。希望这能对其他读者有所帮助，即使它不适用于您的特定应用程序。
我的问题有点不同，因为我想从正在运行的进程中收集stdout和stderr，但最终是一样的，因为我想在小部件生成时在小部件中呈现输出。
我不希望使用队列或额外的线程来解决许多建议的解决方案，因为执行运行另一个脚本并收集其输出这样的常见任务应该不需要它们。
在阅读了建议的解决方案和python文档后，我解决了以下实现的问题。是的，它只适用于POSIX，因为我正在使用select函数调用。
我同意，对于这样一个常见的脚本任务，文档是令人困惑的，实现是尴尬的。我相信旧版本的python对Popen有不同的默认值和不同的解释，所以造成了很多困惑。这似乎对Python 2.7.12和3.5.2都很有效。
关键是将bufsize=1设置为行缓冲，然后universal_newlines=True处理为文本文件而不是二进制文件，这似乎成为设置bufsize=1时的默认值。
class workerThread(QThread):
def __init__(self, cmd):
QThread.__init__(self)
self.cmd = cmd
self.result = None ## return code
self.error = None ## flag indicates an error
self.errorstr = "" ## info message about the error
def __del__(self):
self.wait()
DEBUG("Thread removed")
def run(self):
cmd_list = self.cmd.split(" ")
try:
cmd = subprocess.Popen(cmd_list, bufsize=1, stdin=None
, universal_newlines=True
, stderr=subprocess.PIPE
, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
except OSError:
self.error = 1
self.errorstr = "Failed to execute " + self.cmd
ERROR(self.errorstr)
finally:
VERBOSE("task started...")
import select
while True:
try:
r,w,x = select.select([cmd.stdout, cmd.stderr],[],[])
if cmd.stderr in r:
line = cmd.stderr.readline()
if line != "":
line = line.strip()
self.emit(SIGNAL("update_error(QString)"), line)
if cmd.stdout in r:
line = cmd.stdout.readline()
if line == "":
break
line = line.strip()
self.emit(SIGNAL("update_output(QString)"), line)
except IOError:
pass
cmd.wait()
self.result = cmd.returncode
if self.result < 0:
self.error = 1
self.errorstr = "Task terminated by signal " + str(self.result)
ERROR(self.errorstr)
return
if self.result:
self.error = 1
self.errorstr = "exit code " + str(self.result)
ERROR(self.errorstr)
return
return
ERROR, DEBUG和VERBOSE仅仅是将输出打印到终端的宏。
这个解决方案在我看来是99.99%有效的，因为它仍然使用了阻塞readline函数，所以我们假设子进程很好，输出完整的行。
我欢迎反馈，以改进解决方案，因为我仍然是Python新手。
Python 3.4为异步IO引入了新的临时API——asyncio模块。
该方法类似于@Bryan Ward的twisted-based回答——定义一个协议，一旦数据准备好，就调用它的方法:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import asyncio
import os
class SubprocessProtocol(asyncio.SubprocessProtocol):
def pipe_data_received(self, fd, data):
if fd == 1: # got stdout data (bytes)
print(data)
def connection_lost(self, exc):
loop.stop() # end loop.run_forever()
if os.name == 'nt':
loop = asyncio.ProactorEventLoop() # for subprocess' pipes on Windows
asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
else:
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
try:
loop.run_until_complete(loop.subprocess_exec(SubprocessProtocol,
"myprogram.exe", "arg1", "arg2"))
loop.run_forever()
finally:
loop.close()
请参阅文档中的“Subprocess”。
有一个高级接口asyncio.create_subprocess_exec()，它返回允许使用StreamReader.readline()协程异步读取一行的Process对象 (使用async/await Python 3.5+语法):
#!/usr/bin/env python3.5
import asyncio
import locale
import sys
from asyncio.subprocess import PIPE
from contextlib import closing
async def readline_and_kill(*args):
# start child process
process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(*args, stdout=PIPE)
# read line (sequence of bytes ending with b'\n') asynchronously
async for line in process.stdout:
print("got line:", line.decode(locale.getpreferredencoding(False)))
break
process.kill()
return await process.wait() # wait for the child process to exit
if sys.platform == "win32":
loop = asyncio.ProactorEventLoop()
asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
else:
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
with closing(loop):
sys.exit(loop.run_until_complete(readline_and_kill(
"myprogram.exe", "arg1", "arg2")))
Readline_and_kill()执行以下任务:
启动子进程，将其标准输出重定向到管道 异步从子进程的stdout中读取一行 杀子流程 等待它退出
如果需要，每个步骤都可以被超时秒限制。
