有很多很好的答案，但如果你来这里寻找一个简单的方法来获得所有文件或文件夹的列表。你可以利用linux和mac上提供的find操作系统，它比os.walk快得多

import os
all_files_list = os.popen("find path/to/my_base_folder -type f").read().splitlines()
all_sub_directories_list = os.popen("find path/to/my_base_folder -type d").read().splitlines()

OR

import os

def get_files(path):
    all_files_list = os.popen(f"find {path} -type f").read().splitlines()
    return all_files_list

def get_sub_folders(path):
    all_sub_directories_list = os.popen(f"find {path} -type d").read().splitlines()
    return all_sub_directories_list

这个函数，对于给定的父目录，递归地遍历它的所有目录，并打印它在其中找到的所有文件名。也有用。

import os

def printDirectoryFiles(directory):
   for filename in os.listdir(directory):  
        full_path=os.path.join(directory, filename)
        if not os.path.isdir(full_path): 
            print( full_path + "\n")


def checkFolders(directory):

    dir_list = next(os.walk(directory))[1]

    #print(dir_list)

    for dir in dir_list:           
        print(dir)
        checkFolders(directory +"/"+ dir) 

    printDirectoryFiles(directory)       

main_dir="C:/Users/S0082448/Desktop/carpeta1"

checkFolders(main_dir)


input("Press enter to exit ;")

全路径，计算路径为。，..， \\， ..\\…\ \文件夹等:

import os, pprint
pprint.pprint([os.path.join(os.path.abspath(path), x[0]) \
    for x in os.walk(os.path.abspath(path))])

虽然这个问题很久以前就有答案了。我想推荐使用pathlib模块，因为这是在Windows和Unix操作系统上工作的一种健壮的方式。

要获取特定目录下的所有路径，包括子目录:

from pathlib import Path
paths = list(Path('myhomefolder', 'folder').glob('**/*.txt'))

# all sorts of operations
file = paths[0]
file.name
file.stem
file.parent
file.suffix

etc.

函数返回给定文件路径内所有子目录的List。将搜索整个文件树。

import os

def get_sub_directory_paths(start_directory, sub_directories):
    """
    This method iterates through all subdirectory paths of a given 
    directory to collect all directory paths.

    :param start_directory: The starting directory path.
    :param sub_directories: A List that all subdirectory paths will be 
        stored to.
    :return: A List of all sub-directory paths.
    """

    for item in os.listdir(start_directory):
        full_path = os.path.join(start_directory, item)

        if os.path.isdir(full_path):
            sub_directories.append(full_path)

            # Recursive call to search through all subdirectories.
            get_sub_directory_paths(full_path, sub_directories)

return sub_directories

下面是基于@Blair Conrad的例子的几个简单函数

import os

def get_subdirs(dir):
    "Get a list of immediate subdirectories"
    return next(os.walk(dir))[1]

def get_subfiles(dir):
    "Get a list of immediate subfiles"
    return next(os.walk(dir))[2]