ConcurrentHashMap在Java 1.5中作为哈希表的替代品，作为并发包的一部分。使用ConcurrentHashMap，不仅可以安全地在并发多线程环境中使用，而且提供了比Hashtable和synchronizedMap更好的性能，那么您就有了更好的选择。ConcurrentHashMap性能更好，因为它锁定了Map的一部分。它允许并发读操作，同时通过同步写操作来保持完整性。

ConcurrentHashMap是如何实现的

ConcurrentHashMap was developed as alternative of Hashtable and support all functionality of Hashtable with additional ability, so called concurrency level. ConcurrentHashMap allows multiple readers to read simultaneously without using blocks. It becomes possible by separating Map to different parts and blocking only part of Map in updates. By default, concurrency level is 16, so Map is spitted to 16 parts and each part is managed by separated block. It means, that 16 threads can work with Map simultaneously, if they work with different parts of Map. It makes ConcurrentHashMap hight productive, and not to down thread-safety.

如果你对ConcurrentHashMap的一些重要特性感兴趣，以及什么时候应该使用这种Map的实现——我只是放了一个链接到一篇好文章——如何在Java中使用ConcurrentHashMap

两者之间的主要区别是ConcurrentHashMap将只锁定正在更新的部分数据，而其他部分数据可以由其他线程访问。但是，Collections.synchronizedMap()将在更新时锁定所有数据，其他线程只能在释放锁时访问数据。如果更新操作较多，读操作相对较少，则选择ConcurrentHashMap。

Also one other difference is that ConcurrentHashMap will not preserve the order of elements in the Map passed in. It is similar to HashMap when storing data. There is no guarantee that the element order is preserved. While Collections.synchronizedMap() will preserve the elements order of the Map passed in. For example, if you pass a TreeMap to ConcurrentHashMap, the elements order in the ConcurrentHashMap may not be the same as the order in the TreeMap, but Collections.synchronizedMap() will preserve the order.

此外，ConcurrentHashMap可以保证当一个线程更新映射而另一个线程遍历从映射中获得的迭代器时，不会抛出ConcurrentModificationException。但是，Collections.synchronizedMap()在此上不被保证。

有一篇文章展示了这两者的区别，还有ConcurrentSkipListMap。

我们可以通过使用ConcurrentHashMap和synchronisedHashmap和Hashtable来实现线程安全。但如果你看看他们的架构，就会发现有很多不同。

synchronisedHashmap和Hashtable

两者都将在对象级别上维护锁。所以如果你想执行任何操作，比如put/get，那么你必须先获得锁。同时，其他线程不允许执行任何操作。所以在同一时间，只有一个线程可以操作这个。所以这里的等待时间会增加。我们可以说，与ConcurrentHashMap相比，性能相对较低。

ConcurrentHashMap

It will maintain the lock at segment level. It has 16 segments and maintains the concurrency level as 16 by default. So at a time, 16 threads can be able to operate on ConcurrentHashMap. Moreover, read operation doesn't require a lock. So any number of threads can perform a get operation on it. If thread1 wants to perform put operation in segment 2 and thread2 wants to perform put operation on segment 4 then it is allowed here. Means, 16 threads can perform update(put/delete) operation on ConcurrentHashMap at a time. So that the waiting time will be less here. Hence the performance is relatively better than synchronisedHashmap and Hashtable.

Hashtable的“可伸缩性问题”在Collections.synchronizedMap(Map)中以完全相同的方式呈现——它们使用非常简单的同步，这意味着同一时间只有一个线程可以访问映射。

当您有简单的插入和查找时，这不是什么大问题(除非您做得非常密集)，但是当您需要遍历整个Map时，这就变成了一个大问题，对于一个大型Map来说，这可能会花费很长时间——当一个线程这样做时，所有其他线程都必须等待，如果它们想要插入或查找任何东西。

ConcurrentHashMap使用非常复杂的技术来减少对同步的需求，并允许多线程在不同步的情况下进行并行读访问，更重要的是，它提供了一个不需要同步的迭代器，甚至允许在交互期间修改Map(尽管它不保证在迭代期间插入的元素是否会返回)。

除了建议之外，我还想发布与SynchronizedMap相关的源代码。

为了使Map线程安全，我们可以使用集合。synchronizedMap语句，并输入映射实例作为参数。

synchronizedMap在Collections中的实现如下所示

   public static <K,V> Map<K,V> synchronizedMap(Map<K,V> m) {
        return new SynchronizedMap<>(m);
    }

如您所见，输入Map对象由SynchronizedMap对象包装。 让我们深入研究SynchronizedMap的实现，

 private static class SynchronizedMap<K,V>
        implements Map<K,V>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1978198479659022715L;

        private final Map<K,V> m;     // Backing Map
        final Object      mutex;        // Object on which to synchronize

        SynchronizedMap(Map<K,V> m) {
            this.m = Objects.requireNonNull(m);
            mutex = this;
        }

        SynchronizedMap(Map<K,V> m, Object mutex) {
            this.m = m;
            this.mutex = mutex;
        }

        public int size() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.size();}
        }
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.isEmpty();}
        }
        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.containsKey(key);}
        }
        public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.containsValue(value);}
        }
        public V get(Object key) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.get(key);}
        }

        public V put(K key, V value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.put(key, value);}
        }
        public V remove(Object key) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.remove(key);}
        }
        public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map) {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.putAll(map);}
        }
        public void clear() {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.clear();}
        }

        private transient Set<K> keySet;
        private transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;
        private transient Collection<V> values;

        public Set<K> keySet() {
            synchronized (mutex) {
                if (keySet==null)
                    keySet = new SynchronizedSet<>(m.keySet(), mutex);
                return keySet;
            }
        }

        public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
            synchronized (mutex) {
                if (entrySet==null)
                    entrySet = new SynchronizedSet<>(m.entrySet(), mutex);
                return entrySet;
            }
        }

        public Collection<V> values() {
            synchronized (mutex) {
                if (values==null)
                    values = new SynchronizedCollection<>(m.values(), mutex);
                return values;
            }
        }

        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (this == o)
                return true;
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.equals(o);}
        }
        public int hashCode() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.hashCode();}
        }
        public String toString() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.toString();}
        }

        // Override default methods in Map
        @Override
        public V getOrDefault(Object k, V defaultValue) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.getOrDefault(k, defaultValue);}
        }
        @Override
        public void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K, ? super V> action) {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.forEach(action);}
        }
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> function) {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.replaceAll(function);}
        }
        @Override
        public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.putIfAbsent(key, value);}
        }
        @Override
        public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.remove(key, value);}
        }
        @Override
        public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.replace(key, oldValue, newValue);}
        }
        @Override
        public V replace(K key, V value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.replace(key, value);}
        }
        @Override
        public V computeIfAbsent(K key,
                Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.computeIfAbsent(key, mappingFunction);}
        }
        @Override
        public V computeIfPresent(K key,
                BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.computeIfPresent(key, remappingFunction);}
        }
        @Override
        public V compute(K key,
                BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.compute(key, remappingFunction);}
        }
        @Override
        public V merge(K key, V value,
                BiFunction<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.merge(key, value, remappingFunction);}
        }

        private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s) throws IOException {
            synchronized (mutex) {s.defaultWriteObject();}
        }
    }

SynchronizedMap所做的工作可以概括为向输入Map对象的主要方法添加一个锁。被锁保护的所有方法不能被多个线程同时访问。这意味着像put和get这样的普通操作可以由一个线程同时对Map对象中的所有数据执行。

这使得Map对象线程现在是安全的，但在某些情况下性能可能会成为一个问题。

ConcurrentMap在实现中要复杂得多，我们可以参考构建一个更好的HashMap来了解详细信息。简而言之，它的实现同时考虑了线程安全和性能。

哈希表和ConcurrentHashMap不允许空键或空值。 synchronizedmap (Map)同步所有操作(get、put、size等)。 ConcurrentHashMap支持检索的完全并发性，以及可调的更新预期并发性。

像往常一样，这涉及到并发性、开销和速度的权衡。您确实需要考虑应用程序的详细并发需求来做出决定，然后测试您的代码，看看它是否足够好。