以下是一些例子:

1) ConcurrentHashMap只锁定Map的一部分，而SynchronizedMap锁定整个Map。 2) ConcurrentHashMap比SynchronizedMap性能更好，扩展性更强。 3)在多读取器和单写入器的情况下，ConcurrentHashMap是最好的选择。

此文本来自Java中的ConcurrentHashMap和哈希表之间的差异

ConcurrentHashMap

ConcurrentHashMap for performance-critical applications where there are far more write operations than there are read operations. It is thread safe without synchronizing the whole map. Reads can happen very fast while write is done with a lock. There is no locking at the object level. The locking is at a much finer granularity at a hashmap bucket level. ConcurrentHashMap doesn’t throw a ConcurrentModificationException if one thread tries to modify it while another is iterating over it. ConcurrentHashMap uses multitude of locks. read operations are non-blocking, whereas write operations take a lock on a particular segment or bucket.

SynchronizedHashMap

对象级同步。 每个读/写操作都需要获得锁。 锁定整个集合是一种性能开销。 这实际上只允许一个线程访问整个映射，并阻塞了所有其他线程。 这可能会引起争论。 SynchronizedHashMap返回迭代器，它在并发修改时快速失败。

Collection.synchronizedMap ()

Collections实用程序类提供了操作集合并返回包装集合的多态算法。它的synchronizedMap()方法提供了线程安全的功能。 当数据一致性至关重要时，我们需要使用Collections.synchronizedMap()。

源

一般来说，如果你想使用ConcurrentHashMap，确保你已经准备好错过“更新”(即打印HashMap的内容并不能确保它会打印最新的Map)，并使用CyclicBarrier等api来确保程序生命周期的一致性。

ConcurrentHashMap针对并发访问进行了优化。

访问不锁定整个映射，而是使用更细粒度的策略，这提高了可伸缩性。还有专门针对并发访问的功能增强，例如并发迭代器。

除了建议之外，我还想发布与SynchronizedMap相关的源代码。

为了使Map线程安全，我们可以使用集合。synchronizedMap语句，并输入映射实例作为参数。

synchronizedMap在Collections中的实现如下所示

   public static <K,V> Map<K,V> synchronizedMap(Map<K,V> m) {
        return new SynchronizedMap<>(m);
    }

如您所见，输入Map对象由SynchronizedMap对象包装。 让我们深入研究SynchronizedMap的实现，

 private static class SynchronizedMap<K,V>
        implements Map<K,V>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1978198479659022715L;

        private final Map<K,V> m;     // Backing Map
        final Object      mutex;        // Object on which to synchronize

        SynchronizedMap(Map<K,V> m) {
            this.m = Objects.requireNonNull(m);
            mutex = this;
        }

        SynchronizedMap(Map<K,V> m, Object mutex) {
            this.m = m;
            this.mutex = mutex;
        }

        public int size() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.size();}
        }
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.isEmpty();}
        }
        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.containsKey(key);}
        }
        public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.containsValue(value);}
        }
        public V get(Object key) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.get(key);}
        }

        public V put(K key, V value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.put(key, value);}
        }
        public V remove(Object key) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.remove(key);}
        }
        public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map) {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.putAll(map);}
        }
        public void clear() {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.clear();}
        }

        private transient Set<K> keySet;
        private transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;
        private transient Collection<V> values;

        public Set<K> keySet() {
            synchronized (mutex) {
                if (keySet==null)
                    keySet = new SynchronizedSet<>(m.keySet(), mutex);
                return keySet;
            }
        }

        public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
            synchronized (mutex) {
                if (entrySet==null)
                    entrySet = new SynchronizedSet<>(m.entrySet(), mutex);
                return entrySet;
            }
        }

        public Collection<V> values() {
            synchronized (mutex) {
                if (values==null)
                    values = new SynchronizedCollection<>(m.values(), mutex);
                return values;
            }
        }

        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (this == o)
                return true;
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.equals(o);}
        }
        public int hashCode() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.hashCode();}
        }
        public String toString() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.toString();}
        }

        // Override default methods in Map
        @Override
        public V getOrDefault(Object k, V defaultValue) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.getOrDefault(k, defaultValue);}
        }
        @Override
        public void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K, ? super V> action) {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.forEach(action);}
        }
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> function) {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.replaceAll(function);}
        }
        @Override
        public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.putIfAbsent(key, value);}
        }
        @Override
        public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.remove(key, value);}
        }
        @Override
        public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.replace(key, oldValue, newValue);}
        }
        @Override
        public V replace(K key, V value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.replace(key, value);}
        }
        @Override
        public V computeIfAbsent(K key,
                Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.computeIfAbsent(key, mappingFunction);}
        }
        @Override
        public V computeIfPresent(K key,
                BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.computeIfPresent(key, remappingFunction);}
        }
        @Override
        public V compute(K key,
                BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.compute(key, remappingFunction);}
        }
        @Override
        public V merge(K key, V value,
                BiFunction<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.merge(key, value, remappingFunction);}
        }

        private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s) throws IOException {
            synchronized (mutex) {s.defaultWriteObject();}
        }
    }

SynchronizedMap所做的工作可以概括为向输入Map对象的主要方法添加一个锁。被锁保护的所有方法不能被多个线程同时访问。这意味着像put和get这样的普通操作可以由一个线程同时对Map对象中的所有数据执行。

这使得Map对象线程现在是安全的，但在某些情况下性能可能会成为一个问题。

ConcurrentMap在实现中要复杂得多，我们可以参考构建一个更好的HashMap来了解详细信息。简而言之，它的实现同时考虑了线程安全和性能。

我们可以通过使用ConcurrentHashMap和synchronisedHashmap和Hashtable来实现线程安全。但如果你看看他们的架构，就会发现有很多不同。

synchronisedHashmap和Hashtable

两者都将在对象级别上维护锁。所以如果你想执行任何操作，比如put/get，那么你必须先获得锁。同时，其他线程不允许执行任何操作。所以在同一时间，只有一个线程可以操作这个。所以这里的等待时间会增加。我们可以说，与ConcurrentHashMap相比，性能相对较低。

ConcurrentHashMap

It will maintain the lock at segment level. It has 16 segments and maintains the concurrency level as 16 by default. So at a time, 16 threads can be able to operate on ConcurrentHashMap. Moreover, read operation doesn't require a lock. So any number of threads can perform a get operation on it. If thread1 wants to perform put operation in segment 2 and thread2 wants to perform put operation on segment 4 then it is allowed here. Means, 16 threads can perform update(put/delete) operation on ConcurrentHashMap at a time. So that the waiting time will be less here. Hence the performance is relatively better than synchronisedHashmap and Hashtable.