我们可以通过使用ConcurrentHashMap和synchronisedHashmap和Hashtable来实现线程安全。但如果你看看他们的架构，就会发现有很多不同。

synchronisedHashmap和Hashtable

两者都将在对象级别上维护锁。所以如果你想执行任何操作，比如put/get，那么你必须先获得锁。同时，其他线程不允许执行任何操作。所以在同一时间，只有一个线程可以操作这个。所以这里的等待时间会增加。我们可以说，与ConcurrentHashMap相比，性能相对较低。

ConcurrentHashMap

It will maintain the lock at segment level. It has 16 segments and maintains the concurrency level as 16 by default. So at a time, 16 threads can be able to operate on ConcurrentHashMap. Moreover, read operation doesn't require a lock. So any number of threads can perform a get operation on it. If thread1 wants to perform put operation in segment 2 and thread2 wants to perform put operation on segment 4 then it is allowed here. Means, 16 threads can perform update(put/delete) operation on ConcurrentHashMap at a time. So that the waiting time will be less here. Hence the performance is relatively better than synchronisedHashmap and Hashtable.

在ConcurrentHashMap中，锁应用于一个段而不是整个Map。 每个段管理自己的内部哈希表。该锁仅应用于更新操作。synchronizedmap (Map)同步整个映射。

你对哈希表的看法是对的，你可以忘了它。

你的文章提到，虽然HashTable和同步包装器类通过一次只允许一个线程访问映射来提供基本的线程安全，但这并不是“真正的”线程安全，因为许多复合操作仍然需要额外的同步，例如:

synchronized (records) {
  Record rec = records.get(id);
  if (rec == null) {
      rec = new Record(id);
      records.put(id, rec);
  }
  return rec;
}

但是，不要认为ConcurrentHashMap是具有典型同步块的HashMap的简单替代方案。阅读这篇文章可以更好地理解其复杂性。

两者之间的主要区别是ConcurrentHashMap将只锁定正在更新的部分数据，而其他部分数据可以由其他线程访问。但是，Collections.synchronizedMap()将在更新时锁定所有数据，其他线程只能在释放锁时访问数据。如果更新操作较多，读操作相对较少，则选择ConcurrentHashMap。

Also one other difference is that ConcurrentHashMap will not preserve the order of elements in the Map passed in. It is similar to HashMap when storing data. There is no guarantee that the element order is preserved. While Collections.synchronizedMap() will preserve the elements order of the Map passed in. For example, if you pass a TreeMap to ConcurrentHashMap, the elements order in the ConcurrentHashMap may not be the same as the order in the TreeMap, but Collections.synchronizedMap() will preserve the order.

此外，ConcurrentHashMap可以保证当一个线程更新映射而另一个线程遍历从映射中获得的迭代器时，不会抛出ConcurrentModificationException。但是，Collections.synchronizedMap()在此上不被保证。

有一篇文章展示了这两者的区别，还有ConcurrentSkipListMap。

如果数据一致性非常重要-使用Hashtable或Collections.synchronizedMap(Map)。 如果速度/性能非常重要，数据更新可能会受到影响-使用ConcurrentHashMap。

除了建议之外，我还想发布与SynchronizedMap相关的源代码。

为了使Map线程安全，我们可以使用集合。synchronizedMap语句，并输入映射实例作为参数。

synchronizedMap在Collections中的实现如下所示

   public static <K,V> Map<K,V> synchronizedMap(Map<K,V> m) {
        return new SynchronizedMap<>(m);
    }

如您所见，输入Map对象由SynchronizedMap对象包装。 让我们深入研究SynchronizedMap的实现，

 private static class SynchronizedMap<K,V>
        implements Map<K,V>, Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1978198479659022715L;

        private final Map<K,V> m;     // Backing Map
        final Object      mutex;        // Object on which to synchronize

        SynchronizedMap(Map<K,V> m) {
            this.m = Objects.requireNonNull(m);
            mutex = this;
        }

        SynchronizedMap(Map<K,V> m, Object mutex) {
            this.m = m;
            this.mutex = mutex;
        }

        public int size() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.size();}
        }
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.isEmpty();}
        }
        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.containsKey(key);}
        }
        public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.containsValue(value);}
        }
        public V get(Object key) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.get(key);}
        }

        public V put(K key, V value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.put(key, value);}
        }
        public V remove(Object key) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.remove(key);}
        }
        public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map) {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.putAll(map);}
        }
        public void clear() {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.clear();}
        }

        private transient Set<K> keySet;
        private transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;
        private transient Collection<V> values;

        public Set<K> keySet() {
            synchronized (mutex) {
                if (keySet==null)
                    keySet = new SynchronizedSet<>(m.keySet(), mutex);
                return keySet;
            }
        }

        public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
            synchronized (mutex) {
                if (entrySet==null)
                    entrySet = new SynchronizedSet<>(m.entrySet(), mutex);
                return entrySet;
            }
        }

        public Collection<V> values() {
            synchronized (mutex) {
                if (values==null)
                    values = new SynchronizedCollection<>(m.values(), mutex);
                return values;
            }
        }

        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (this == o)
                return true;
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.equals(o);}
        }
        public int hashCode() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.hashCode();}
        }
        public String toString() {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.toString();}
        }

        // Override default methods in Map
        @Override
        public V getOrDefault(Object k, V defaultValue) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.getOrDefault(k, defaultValue);}
        }
        @Override
        public void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K, ? super V> action) {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.forEach(action);}
        }
        @Override
        public void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> function) {
            synchronized (mutex) {m.replaceAll(function);}
        }
        @Override
        public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.putIfAbsent(key, value);}
        }
        @Override
        public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.remove(key, value);}
        }
        @Override
        public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.replace(key, oldValue, newValue);}
        }
        @Override
        public V replace(K key, V value) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.replace(key, value);}
        }
        @Override
        public V computeIfAbsent(K key,
                Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.computeIfAbsent(key, mappingFunction);}
        }
        @Override
        public V computeIfPresent(K key,
                BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.computeIfPresent(key, remappingFunction);}
        }
        @Override
        public V compute(K key,
                BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.compute(key, remappingFunction);}
        }
        @Override
        public V merge(K key, V value,
                BiFunction<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
            synchronized (mutex) {return m.merge(key, value, remappingFunction);}
        }

        private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s) throws IOException {
            synchronized (mutex) {s.defaultWriteObject();}
        }
    }

SynchronizedMap所做的工作可以概括为向输入Map对象的主要方法添加一个锁。被锁保护的所有方法不能被多个线程同时访问。这意味着像put和get这样的普通操作可以由一个线程同时对Map对象中的所有数据执行。

这使得Map对象线程现在是安全的，但在某些情况下性能可能会成为一个问题。

ConcurrentMap在实现中要复杂得多，我们可以参考构建一个更好的HashMap来了解详细信息。简而言之，它的实现同时考虑了线程安全和性能。