如果您正在使用log4j2，来自https://www.dontpanicblog.co.uk/2018/04/29/test-log4j2-with-junit/的解决方案允许我断言消息已被记录。

解决方案是这样的:

Define a log4j appender as an ExternalResource rule public class LogAppenderResource extends ExternalResource { private static final String APPENDER_NAME = "log4jRuleAppender"; /** * Logged messages contains level and message only. * This allows us to test that level and message are set. */ private static final String PATTERN = "%-5level %msg"; private Logger logger; private Appender appender; private final CharArrayWriter outContent = new CharArrayWriter(); public LogAppenderResource(org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger logger) { this.logger = (org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Logger)logger; } @Override protected void before() { StringLayout layout = PatternLayout.newBuilder().withPattern(PATTERN).build(); appender = WriterAppender.newBuilder() .setTarget(outContent) .setLayout(layout) .setName(APPENDER_NAME).build(); appender.start(); logger.addAppender(appender); } @Override protected void after() { logger.removeAppender(appender); } public String getOutput() { return outContent.toString(); } } Define a test that use your ExternalResource rule public class LoggingTextListenerTest { @Rule public LogAppenderResource appender = new LogAppenderResource(LogManager.getLogger(LoggingTextListener.class)); private LoggingTextListener listener = new LoggingTextListener(); // Class under test @Test public void startedEvent_isLogged() { listener.started(); assertThat(appender.getOutput(), containsString("started")); } }

不要忘记将log4j2.xml作为src/test/resources的一部分

如果您正在使用log4j2，来自https://www.dontpanicblog.co.uk/2018/04/29/test-log4j2-with-junit/的解决方案允许我断言消息已被记录。

解决方案是这样的:

Define a log4j appender as an ExternalResource rule public class LogAppenderResource extends ExternalResource { private static final String APPENDER_NAME = "log4jRuleAppender"; /** * Logged messages contains level and message only. * This allows us to test that level and message are set. */ private static final String PATTERN = "%-5level %msg"; private Logger logger; private Appender appender; private final CharArrayWriter outContent = new CharArrayWriter(); public LogAppenderResource(org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger logger) { this.logger = (org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Logger)logger; } @Override protected void before() { StringLayout layout = PatternLayout.newBuilder().withPattern(PATTERN).build(); appender = WriterAppender.newBuilder() .setTarget(outContent) .setLayout(layout) .setName(APPENDER_NAME).build(); appender.start(); logger.addAppender(appender); } @Override protected void after() { logger.removeAppender(appender); } public String getOutput() { return outContent.toString(); } } Define a test that use your ExternalResource rule public class LoggingTextListenerTest { @Rule public LogAppenderResource appender = new LogAppenderResource(LogManager.getLogger(LoggingTextListener.class)); private LoggingTextListener listener = new LoggingTextListener(); // Class under test @Test public void startedEvent_isLogged() { listener.started(); assertThat(appender.getOutput(), containsString("started")); } }

不要忘记将log4j2.xml作为src/test/resources的一部分

我为log4j回答了一个类似的问题，请参阅how-can-i-test-with-junit-that-a-warning-was-logged-with-log4

这是更新的Log4j2(用2.11.2测试)和junit 5的示例;

    package com.whatever.log;

    import org.apache.logging.log4j.Level;
    import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
    import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Logger;
    import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.*;
    import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.AbstractAppender;
    import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.Configuration;
    import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.LoggerConfig;
    import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.plugins.Plugin;
    import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.plugins.PluginAttribute;
    import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.plugins.PluginElement;
    import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.plugins.PluginFactory;
    import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
    import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
    import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
    import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

    import java.util.ArrayList;
    import java.util.List;
    import static org.junit.Assert.*;

class TestLogger {

    private TestAppender testAppender;
    private LoggerConfig loggerConfig;
    private final Logger logger = (Logger)
            LogManager.getLogger(ClassUnderTest.class);

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test Log Junit5 and log4j2")
    void test() {
        ClassUnderTest.logMessage();
        final LogEvent loggingEvent = testAppender.events.get(0);
        //asset equals 1 because log level is info, change it to debug and
        //the test will fail
        assertTrue(testAppender.events.size()==1,"Unexpected empty log");
        assertEquals(Level.INFO,loggingEvent.getLevel(),"Unexpected log level");
        assertEquals(loggingEvent.getMessage().toString()
                ,"Hello Test","Unexpected log message");
    }

    @BeforeEach
    private void setup() {
        testAppender = new TestAppender("TestAppender", null);

        final LoggerContext context = logger.getContext();
        final Configuration configuration = context.getConfiguration();

        loggerConfig = configuration.getLoggerConfig(logger.getName());
        loggerConfig.setLevel(Level.INFO);
        loggerConfig.addAppender(testAppender,Level.INFO,null);
        testAppender.start();
        context.updateLoggers();
    }

    @AfterEach
    void after(){
        testAppender.stop();
        loggerConfig.removeAppender("TestAppender");
        final LoggerContext context = logger.getContext();
        context.updateLoggers();
    }

    @Plugin( name = "TestAppender", category = Core.CATEGORY_NAME, elementType = Appender.ELEMENT_TYPE)
    static class TestAppender extends AbstractAppender {

        List<LogEvent> events = new ArrayList();

        protected TestAppender(String name, Filter filter) {
            super(name, filter, null);
        }

        @PluginFactory
        public static TestAppender createAppender(
                @PluginAttribute("name") String name,
                @PluginElement("Filter") Filter filter) {
            return new TestAppender(name, filter);
        }

        @Override
        public void append(LogEvent event) {
            events.add(event);
        }
    }

    static class ClassUnderTest {
        private static final Logger LOGGER =  (Logger) LogManager.getLogger(ClassUnderTest.class);
        public static void logMessage(){
            LOGGER.info("Hello Test");
            LOGGER.debug("Hello Test");
        }
    }
}

使用以下maven依赖项

 <dependency>
 <artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId>
  <packaging>jar</packaging>
  <version>2.11.2</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
    <artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
    <version>5.5.0</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

您可能要测试两件事。

当我的程序的操作人员对事件感兴趣时，我的程序是否执行适当的日志记录操作，以通知操作人员该事件。 当我的程序执行日志记录操作时，它产生的日志消息是否具有正确的文本。

这两件事实际上是不同的，所以可以分别测试。然而，测试第二个(消息文本)问题很大，我建议不要这样做。消息文本的测试最终将包括检查一个文本字符串(预期的消息文本)是否与日志记录代码中使用的文本字符串相同，或者可以简单地从文本字符串派生出来。

这些测试根本不测试程序逻辑，它们只测试一个资源(字符串)是否等同于另一个资源。 这些测试是脆弱的;即使是对日志消息格式的微小调整也会破坏您的测试。 测试与日志接口的国际化(翻译)不兼容。测试假设只有一种可能的消息文本，因此只有一种可能的人类语言。

请注意，让您的程序代码(可能实现了一些业务逻辑)直接调用文本日志接口是糟糕的设计(但不幸的是非常常见)。负责业务逻辑的代码还决定一些日志策略和日志消息的文本。它将业务逻辑与用户界面代码混合在一起(是的，日志消息是程序用户界面的一部分)。这些东西应该是分开的。

因此，我建议业务逻辑不要直接生成日志消息的文本。相反，让它委托给一个日志对象。

The class of the logging object should provide a suitable internal API, which your business object can use to express the event that has occurred using objects of your domain model, not text strings. The implementation of your logging class is responsible for producing text representations of those domain objects, and rendering a suitable text description of the event, then forwarding that text message to the low level logging framework (such as JUL, log4j or slf4j). Your business logic is responsible only for calling the correct methods of the internal API of your logger class, passing the correct domain objects, to describe the actual events that occurred. Your concrete logging class implements an interface, which describes the internal API your business logic may use. Your class(es) that implements business logic and must perform logging has a reference to the logging object to delegate to. The class of the reference is the abstract interface. Use dependency injection to set up the reference to the logger.

然后，您可以通过创建一个模拟记录器(它实现了内部日志API)并在测试的设置阶段使用依赖项注入来测试业务逻辑类是否正确地将事件告知日志接口。

是这样的:

 public class MyService {// The class we want to test
    private final MyLogger logger;

    public MyService(MyLogger logger) {
       this.logger = Objects.requireNonNull(logger);
    }

    public void performTwiddleOperation(Foo foo) {// The method we want to test
       ...// The business logic
       logger.performedTwiddleOperation(foo);
    }
 };

 public interface MyLogger {
    public void performedTwiddleOperation(Foo foo);
    ...
 };

 public final class MySl4jLogger: implements MyLogger {
    ...

    @Override
    public void performedTwiddleOperation(Foo foo) {
       logger.info("twiddled foo " + foo.getId());
    }
 }

 public final void MyProgram {
    public static void main(String[] argv) {
       ...
       MyLogger logger = new MySl4jLogger(...);
       MyService service = new MyService(logger);
       startService(service);// or whatever you must do
       ...
    }
 }

 public class MyServiceTest {
    ...

    static final class MyMockLogger: implements MyLogger {
       private Food.id id;
       private int nCallsPerformedTwiddleOperation;
       ...

       @Override
       public void performedTwiddleOperation(Foo foo) {
          id = foo.id;
          ++nCallsPerformedTwiddleOperation;
       }

       void assertCalledPerformedTwiddleOperation(Foo.id id) {
          assertEquals("Called performedTwiddleOperation", 1, nCallsPerformedTwiddleOperation);
          assertEquals("Called performedTwiddleOperation with correct ID", id, this.id);
       }
    };

    @Test
    public void testPerformTwiddleOperation_1() {
       // Setup
       MyMockLogger logger = new MyMockLogger();
       MyService service = new MyService(logger);
       Foo.Id id = new Foo.Id(...);
       Foo foo = new Foo(id, 1);

       // Execute
       service.performedTwiddleOperation(foo);

       // Verify
       ...
       logger.assertCalledPerformedTwiddleOperation(id);
    }
 }

如果我想做的只是看到一些字符串被记录(而不是验证确切的日志语句，这太脆弱了)，我所做的是将StdOut重定向到缓冲区，做一个contains，然后重置StdOut:

PrintStream original = System.out;
ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
System.setOut(new PrintStream(buffer));

// Do something that logs

assertTrue(buffer.toString().contains(myMessage));
System.setOut(original);

通过添加Appender进行单元测试并不能真正测试Logger的配置。因此，我认为这是一种独特的情况，在这种情况下，单元测试没有带来那么多价值，而集成测试带来了很多价值(特别是如果您的日志有一些审计目的)。

为了为它创建集成测试，让我们假设您正在运行一个简单的ConsoleAppender，并希望测试它的输出。然后，您应该测试如何将消息从System.out写入到它自己的ByteArrayOutputStream。

从这个意义上说，我会做以下事情(我使用JUnit 5):

public class Slf4jAuditLoggerTest {

    private final ByteArrayOutputStream outContent = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

    @BeforeEach
    public void beforeEach() {
        System.setOut(new PrintStream(outContent));
    }

通过这种方式，你可以简单地测试它的输出:

    @Test
    public void myTest() {
        // Given...
        // When...
        // Then
        assertTrue(outContent.toString().contains("[INFO] My formatted string from Logger"));
    }

如果你这样做了，你将为你的项目带来更多的价值，而不需要使用内存中的实现，创建一个新的Appender，或者其他什么。