-- BELOW IS A SAMPLE WHICH OUTLINES THE SIMPLE DIFFERENCES
-- READ IT AND THEN EXECUTE IT
-- THERE ARE THREE ROWS OF EACH COLOR INSERTED INTO THE TABLE
-- CREATE A database called testDB


-- use testDB
USE [TestDB]
GO


-- create Paints table
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Paints](
    [Color] [varchar](50) NULL,
    [glossLevel] [varchar](50) NULL
) ON [PRIMARY]

GO


-- Populate Table
insert into paints (color, glossLevel)
select 'red', 'eggshell'
union
select 'red', 'glossy'
union
select 'red', 'flat'
union
select 'blue', 'eggshell'
union
select 'blue', 'glossy'
union
select 'blue', 'flat'
union
select 'orange', 'glossy'
union
select 'orange', 'flat'
union
select 'orange', 'eggshell'
union
select 'green', 'eggshell'
union
select 'green', 'glossy'
union
select 'green', 'flat'
union
select 'black', 'eggshell'
union
select 'black', 'glossy'
union
select 'black', 'flat'
union
select 'purple', 'eggshell'
union
select 'purple', 'glossy'
union
select 'purple', 'flat'
union
select 'salmon', 'eggshell'
union
select 'salmon', 'glossy'
union
select 'salmon', 'flat'


/*   COMPARE 'GROUP BY' color to 'OVER (PARTITION BY Color)'  */

-- GROUP BY Color 
-- row quantity defined by group by
-- aggregate (count(*)) defined by group by
select count(*) from paints
group by color

-- OVER (PARTITION BY... Color 
-- row quantity defined by main query
-- aggregate defined by OVER-PARTITION BY
select color
, glossLevel
, count(*) OVER (Partition by color)
from paints

/* COMPARE 'GROUP BY' color, glossLevel to 'OVER (PARTITION BY Color, GlossLevel)'  */

-- GROUP BY Color, GlossLevel
-- row quantity defined by GROUP BY
-- aggregate (count(*)) defined by GROUP BY
select count(*) from paints
group by color, glossLevel



-- Partition by Color, GlossLevel
-- row quantity defined by main query
-- aggregate (count(*)) defined by OVER-PARTITION BY
select color
, glossLevel
, count(*) OVER (Partition by color, glossLevel)
from paints

-- BELOW IS A SAMPLE WHICH OUTLINES THE SIMPLE DIFFERENCES
-- READ IT AND THEN EXECUTE IT
-- THERE ARE THREE ROWS OF EACH COLOR INSERTED INTO THE TABLE
-- CREATE A database called testDB


-- use testDB
USE [TestDB]
GO


-- create Paints table
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Paints](
    [Color] [varchar](50) NULL,
    [glossLevel] [varchar](50) NULL
) ON [PRIMARY]

GO


-- Populate Table
insert into paints (color, glossLevel)
select 'red', 'eggshell'
union
select 'red', 'glossy'
union
select 'red', 'flat'
union
select 'blue', 'eggshell'
union
select 'blue', 'glossy'
union
select 'blue', 'flat'
union
select 'orange', 'glossy'
union
select 'orange', 'flat'
union
select 'orange', 'eggshell'
union
select 'green', 'eggshell'
union
select 'green', 'glossy'
union
select 'green', 'flat'
union
select 'black', 'eggshell'
union
select 'black', 'glossy'
union
select 'black', 'flat'
union
select 'purple', 'eggshell'
union
select 'purple', 'glossy'
union
select 'purple', 'flat'
union
select 'salmon', 'eggshell'
union
select 'salmon', 'glossy'
union
select 'salmon', 'flat'


/*   COMPARE 'GROUP BY' color to 'OVER (PARTITION BY Color)'  */

-- GROUP BY Color 
-- row quantity defined by group by
-- aggregate (count(*)) defined by group by
select count(*) from paints
group by color

-- OVER (PARTITION BY... Color 
-- row quantity defined by main query
-- aggregate defined by OVER-PARTITION BY
select color
, glossLevel
, count(*) OVER (Partition by color)
from paints

/* COMPARE 'GROUP BY' color, glossLevel to 'OVER (PARTITION BY Color, GlossLevel)'  */

-- GROUP BY Color, GlossLevel
-- row quantity defined by GROUP BY
-- aggregate (count(*)) defined by GROUP BY
select count(*) from paints
group by color, glossLevel



-- Partition by Color, GlossLevel
-- row quantity defined by main query
-- aggregate (count(*)) defined by OVER-PARTITION BY
select color
, glossLevel
, count(*) OVER (Partition by color, glossLevel)
from paints

按语义分区

你的问题是关于SQL Server的，它目前只在窗口函数中支持PARTITION BY子句，但正如我在这篇博客文章中解释的那样，在SQL中PARTITION BY还有其他的含义，包括:

窗口分区(窗口函数是SQL标准) 表分区(供应商特定的扩展来组织存储，例如在Oracle或PostgreSQL中) MATCH_REGOGNIZE分区(这也是一个SQL标准) MODEL或SPREADSHEET分区(SQL的Oracle扩展) OUTER JOIN分区(SQL标准)

除了最后一个，它重用了PARTITION BY语法来实现某种交叉连接逻辑，所有这些PARTITION BY子句都有相同的含义:

分区将一个数据集划分为不重叠的子集。

基于此分区，可以对每个分区执行进一步的计算或存储操作。例如，对于窗口函数，如COUNT(*) OVER (PARTITION BY criteria)， COUNT(*)值是按每个分区计算的。

按语义分组

GROUP BY允许类似的分区行为，尽管它也以各种奇怪的方式转换整个查询的语义。大多数使用GROUP BY的查询可以使用窗口函数重写，尽管GROUP BY语法通常更简洁，也可能得到更好的优化。

例如，这些在逻辑上是相同的，但我希望GROUP BY子句执行得更好:

-- Classic
SELECT a, COUNT(*)
FROM t
GROUP BY a

-- Using window functions
SELECT DISTINCT a, COUNT(*) OVER (PARTITION BY a)
FROM t

关键的区别在于:

窗口函数也可以是非聚合函数，例如ROW_NUMBER() 每个窗口函数都可以有自己的PARTITION BY子句，而GROUP BY只能根据每个查询的一组表达式进行分组。

它提供汇总数据而不进行汇总

例如，假设我想返回销售区域的相对位置

使用PARTITION BY，我可以返回给定区域的销售额和同一行中所有销售区域的最大销售额。

这确实意味着您将有重复的数据，但它可能适合最终消费者，因为数据已经聚合，但没有数据丢失——就像GROUP BY的情况一样。

它有非常不同的使用场景。 当您使用GROUP BY时，您合并了相同列的一些记录，并获得了结果集的聚合。

然而，当你使用PARTITION BY时，你的结果集是相同的，但你只是对窗口函数进行了聚合，而你没有合并记录，你仍然会有相同的记录计数。

以下是一篇对市场有帮助的文章，解释了两者的区别: http://alevryustemov.com/sql/sql-partition-by/

分区的 将结果集划分为多个分区。窗口函数分别应用于每个分区，并为每个分区重新启动计算。

在此链接找到:OVER子句