Luchian解释了为什么会发生这种行为，但我认为展示这个问题的一种可能的解决方案，同时展示一些缓参无关算法是一个好主意。
你的算法基本上是:
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
A[j][i] = A[i][j];
这对于现代CPU来说简直太可怕了。一种解决方案是了解您的缓存系统的细节，并调整算法以避免这些问题。只要你知道这些细节，工作就很好。不是特别便携。
我们能做得更好吗?是的，我们可以:解决这个问题的一般方法是缓存无关算法，顾名思义，避免依赖于特定的缓存大小[1]
解决方案是这样的:
void recursiveTranspose(int i0, int i1, int j0, int j1) {
int di = i1 - i0, dj = j1 - j0;
const int LEAFSIZE = 32; // well ok caching still affects this one here
if (di >= dj && di > LEAFSIZE) {
int im = (i0 + i1) / 2;
recursiveTranspose(i0, im, j0, j1);
recursiveTranspose(im, i1, j0, j1);
} else if (dj > LEAFSIZE) {
int jm = (j0 + j1) / 2;
recursiveTranspose(i0, i1, j0, jm);
recursiveTranspose(i0, i1, jm, j1);
} else {
for (int i = i0; i < i1; i++ )
for (int j = j0; j < j1; j++ )
mat[j][i] = mat[i][j];
}
}
稍微复杂一点，但是一个简短的测试显示了一些非常有趣的东西，在我的古老的e8400与VS2010 x64版本，测试代码为MATSIZE 8192
int main() {
LARGE_INTEGER start, end, freq;
QueryPerformanceFrequency(&freq);
QueryPerformanceCounter(&start);
recursiveTranspose(0, MATSIZE, 0, MATSIZE);
QueryPerformanceCounter(&end);
printf("recursive: %.2fms\n", (end.QuadPart - start.QuadPart) / (double(freq.QuadPart) / 1000));
QueryPerformanceCounter(&start);
transpose();
QueryPerformanceCounter(&end);
printf("iterative: %.2fms\n", (end.QuadPart - start.QuadPart) / (double(freq.QuadPart) / 1000));
return 0;
}
results:
recursive: 480.58ms
iterative: 3678.46ms
Edit: About the influence of size: It is much less pronounced although still noticeable to some degree, that's because we're using the iterative solution as a leaf node instead of recursing down to 1 (the usual optimization for recursive algorithms). If we set LEAFSIZE = 1, the cache has no influence for me [8193: 1214.06; 8192: 1171.62ms, 8191: 1351.07ms - that's inside the margin of error, the fluctuations are in the 100ms area; this "benchmark" isn't something that I'd be too comfortable with if we wanted completely accurate values])
[1]这些东西的来源:好吧，如果你不能从与Leiserson和co一起工作的人那里得到一个讲座。我认为他们的论文是一个很好的起点。这些算法仍然很少被描述——CLR只有一个脚注。但这仍然是给人们惊喜的好方法。
编辑(注:我不是发布这个答案的人;我只是想补充一下):
以下是上述代码的完整c++版本:
template<class InIt, class OutIt>
void transpose(InIt const input, OutIt const output,
size_t const rows, size_t const columns,
size_t const r1 = 0, size_t const c1 = 0,
size_t r2 = ~(size_t) 0, size_t c2 = ~(size_t) 0,
size_t const leaf = 0x20)
{
if (!~c2) { c2 = columns - c1; }
if (!~r2) { r2 = rows - r1; }
size_t const di = r2 - r1, dj = c2 - c1;
if (di >= dj && di > leaf)
{
transpose(input, output, rows, columns, r1, c1, (r1 + r2) / 2, c2);
transpose(input, output, rows, columns, (r1 + r2) / 2, c1, r2, c2);
}
else if (dj > leaf)
{
transpose(input, output, rows, columns, r1, c1, r2, (c1 + c2) / 2);
transpose(input, output, rows, columns, r1, (c1 + c2) / 2, r2, c2);
}
else
{
for (ptrdiff_t i1 = (ptrdiff_t) r1, i2 = (ptrdiff_t) (i1 * columns);
i1 < (ptrdiff_t) r2; ++i1, i2 += (ptrdiff_t) columns)
{
for (ptrdiff_t j1 = (ptrdiff_t) c1, j2 = (ptrdiff_t) (j1 * rows);
j1 < (ptrdiff_t) c2; ++j1, j2 += (ptrdiff_t) rows)
{
output[j2 + i1] = input[i2 + j1];
}
}
}
}
