如何在Java中初始化一个静态Map ?

方法一:静态初始化器 方法二:实例初始化器(匿名子类) 或 还有别的方法吗?

它们各自的优点和缺点是什么?

下面是一个例子来说明这两种方法:

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class Test {
    private static final Map<Integer, String> myMap = new HashMap<>();
    static {
        myMap.put(1, "one");
        myMap.put(2, "two");
    }

    private static final Map<Integer, String> myMap2 = new HashMap<>(){
        {
            put(1, "one");
            put(2, "two");
        }
    };
}

当前回答

Java 5提供了更紧凑的语法:

static final Map<String , String> FLAVORS = new HashMap<String , String>() {{
    put("Up",    "Down");
    put("Charm", "Strange");
    put("Top",   "Bottom");
}};

其他回答

第二种方法(双括号初始化)被认为是一种反模式,因此我将采用第一种方法。

另一个初始化静态Map的简单方法是使用这个实用函数:

public static <K, V> Map<K, V> mapOf(Object... keyValues) {
    Map<K, V> map = new HashMap<>(keyValues.length / 2);

    for (int index = 0; index < keyValues.length / 2; index++) {
        map.put((K)keyValues[index * 2], (V)keyValues[index * 2 + 1]);
    }

    return map;
}

Map<Integer, String> map1 = mapOf(1, "value1", 2, "value2");
Map<String, String> map2 = mapOf("key1", "value1", "key2", "value2");

注意:在Java 9中你可以使用Map.of

使用Eclipse Collections,以下所有功能都可以工作:

import java.util.Map;

import org.eclipse.collections.api.map.ImmutableMap;
import org.eclipse.collections.api.map.MutableMap;
import org.eclipse.collections.impl.factory.Maps;

public class StaticMapsTest
{
    private static final Map<Integer, String> MAP =
        Maps.mutable.with(1, "one", 2, "two");

    private static final MutableMap<Integer, String> MUTABLE_MAP =
       Maps.mutable.with(1, "one", 2, "two");


    private static final MutableMap<Integer, String> UNMODIFIABLE_MAP =
        Maps.mutable.with(1, "one", 2, "two").asUnmodifiable();


    private static final MutableMap<Integer, String> SYNCHRONIZED_MAP =
        Maps.mutable.with(1, "one", 2, "two").asSynchronized();


    private static final ImmutableMap<Integer, String> IMMUTABLE_MAP =
        Maps.mutable.with(1, "one", 2, "two").toImmutable();


    private static final ImmutableMap<Integer, String> IMMUTABLE_MAP2 =
        Maps.immutable.with(1, "one", 2, "two");
}

您还可以使用Eclipse Collections静态地初始化原始映射。

import org.eclipse.collections.api.map.primitive.ImmutableIntObjectMap;
import org.eclipse.collections.api.map.primitive.MutableIntObjectMap;
import org.eclipse.collections.impl.factory.primitive.IntObjectMaps;

public class StaticPrimitiveMapsTest
{
    private static final MutableIntObjectMap<String> MUTABLE_INT_OBJ_MAP =
            IntObjectMaps.mutable.<String>empty()
                    .withKeyValue(1, "one")
                    .withKeyValue(2, "two");

    private static final MutableIntObjectMap<String> UNMODIFIABLE_INT_OBJ_MAP =
            IntObjectMaps.mutable.<String>empty()
                    .withKeyValue(1, "one")
                    .withKeyValue(2, "two")
                    .asUnmodifiable();

    private static final MutableIntObjectMap<String> SYNCHRONIZED_INT_OBJ_MAP =
            IntObjectMaps.mutable.<String>empty()
                    .withKeyValue(1, "one")
                    .withKeyValue(2, "two")
                    .asSynchronized();

    private static final ImmutableIntObjectMap<String> IMMUTABLE_INT_OBJ_MAP =
            IntObjectMaps.mutable.<String>empty()
                    .withKeyValue(1, "one")
                    .withKeyValue(2, "two")
                    .toImmutable();

    private static final ImmutableIntObjectMap<String> IMMUTABLE_INT_OBJ_MAP2 =
            IntObjectMaps.immutable.<String>empty()
                    .newWithKeyValue(1, "one")
                    .newWithKeyValue(2, "two");
} 

注意:我是Eclipse Collections的提交者

在Java 8中,过程方法也可以包装在Supplier中:

Map<String,String> m = ((Supplier<Map<String,String>>)(() -> {
    Map<String,String> result = new HashMap<>();
    result.put("foo","hoo");
    ...
    return result;
)).get();

这只是一种假设的方法,但如果您确实需要一行代码,则可以派上用场。

现在Java 8已经发布了,这个问题值得重新审视。我尝试了一下——看起来也许你可以利用lambda表达式语法来获得一个非常漂亮和简洁(但类型安全)的映射文字语法,看起来像这样:

Map<String,Object> myMap = hashMap(
    bob -> 5,
    TheGimp -> 8,
    incredibleKoolAid -> "James Taylor",
    heyArnold -> new Date()
);

Map<String,Integer> typesafeMap = treeMap(
    a -> 5,
    bee -> 8,
    sea -> 13
    deep -> 21
);

未经测试的示例代码在https://gist.github.com/galdosd/10823529 会对其他人对此的看法感到好奇(这有点邪恶…)

在Java 8中,我已经开始使用以下模式:

private static final Map<String, Integer> MAP = Stream.of(
    new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<>("key1", 1),
    new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<>("key2", 2)
).collect(Collectors.toMap(Map.Entry::getKey, Map.Entry::getValue));

这不是最简洁的,有点迂回,但是

它不需要java.util之外的任何东西 它是类型安全的,很容易容纳不同类型的键和值。