我知道C中的全局变量有时有extern关键字。什么是extern变量?申报是什么样的?它的范围是什么?
这与跨源文件共享变量有关,但这究竟是如何工作的呢?我在哪里使用extern?
我知道C中的全局变量有时有extern关键字。什么是extern变量?申报是什么样的?它的范围是什么?
这与跨源文件共享变量有关,但这究竟是如何工作的呢?我在哪里使用extern?
当前回答
简而言之,extern意味着变量是在其他模块中定义的,它的地址在链接时是已知的。编译器不会在当前模块中保留内存,并且知道变量类型。要理解extern,至少要有很少的汇编经验。
其他回答
我喜欢把extern变量看作是你对编译器做出的承诺。
当遇到一个extern时,编译器只能找出它的类型,而不能找出它“居住”的位置,因此它不能解析引用。
你告诉它:“相信我。在链接时,这个引用将是可解析的。”
首先,extern关键字不用于定义变量;相反,它用于声明变量。我可以说extern是一个存储类,而不是数据类型。
extern用于让其他C文件或外部组件知道这个变量已经在某处定义。例如:如果你正在构建一个库,不需要在库本身的某个地方强制定义全局变量。库将直接编译,但在链接文件时,它将检查定义。
Extern仅仅意味着变量在其他地方定义(例如,在另一个文件中)。
extern keyword before a symbol (a var or function) tells the linker that it(the source file) uses an external symbol. This can be seen by running nm -a on such an object file (.o) which uses or assigns a value to a extern var (remember to declare a extern symbol on top like this extern int x or still better, use a header file with extern before vars and functions can be without extern; then in main assign a value to it like this x=5;), i find undefined bss info (letter B written) against such an extern var(symbol). This means x is still unresolved and will be resolved when ld is run (during link-time).
why always use extern in headers? If i don't use extern, just declare int x, the declaration becomes sort-of strong and without extern, and this redifines the same variable in every source that includes the header, effectively shadowing the original variable. therefore with just int x in a.h header, I redefine a new global variable x in every source that include this a.h. This var in the source, this without-extern var decl in headers shadows(it doesn't shadow exactly, it's redifining a global variable x in every source code that includes the header with just int x, without extern, when i include such header and try to compile .o from such files, every .o has its own definition of this global variable x which was included in the header without extern, and at the time of linking, I get the error multiple definition of variable or symbol x) an important variable defined somewhere of somewhere else in the source files. Important! it is necessary to use extern before vars in headers. Functions are already extern by-default.
Extern告诉编译器信任你,这个变量的内存在其他地方声明了,所以它不会尝试分配/检查内存。
因此,您可以编译一个引用extern的文件,但是如果没有在某个地方声明该内存,则不能进行链接。
对于全局变量和库很有用,但是危险,因为链接器不进行类型检查。