下面是一个使用锁文件并将PID回显到锁文件中的实现。如果进程在删除pidfile之前被杀死，这可以起到保护作用:

LOCKFILE=/tmp/lock.txt
if [ -e ${LOCKFILE} ] && kill -0 `cat ${LOCKFILE}`; then
    echo "already running"
    exit
fi

# make sure the lockfile is removed when we exit and then claim it
trap "rm -f ${LOCKFILE}; exit" INT TERM EXIT
echo $$ > ${LOCKFILE}

# do stuff
sleep 1000

rm -f ${LOCKFILE}

这里的技巧是kill -0，它不传递任何信号，只是检查具有给定PID的进程是否存在。此外，调用trap将确保即使进程被杀死(kill -9除外)，锁文件也会被移除。

又快又脏?脚本顶部的一行代码可以工作:

[[ $(pgrep -c "`basename \"$0\"`") -gt 1 ]] && exit

当然，只要确保您的脚本名称是唯一的。：）

我使用一种简单的方法来处理过期的锁文件。

注意，上面的一些解决方案存储pid，忽略了pid可以环绕的事实。因此，仅仅检查是否有一个有效的进程与存储的pid是不够的，特别是对于长时间运行的脚本。

我使用noclobber来确保一次只能打开一个脚本并写入锁文件。此外，我在锁文件中存储了足够的信息来惟一地标识一个进程。我定义了一组数据来唯一地标识一个进程为pid、ppid、lstart。

当一个新脚本启动时，如果它未能创建锁文件，那么它将验证创建锁文件的进程是否仍然存在。如果不是，我们假设原始进程不体面地死亡，并留下一个过时的锁文件。然后，新脚本获得锁文件的所有权，一切又恢复正常了。

应该与跨多个平台的多个shell一起工作。快速、便携、简单。

#!/usr/bin/env sh
# Author: rouble

LOCKFILE=/var/tmp/lockfile #customize this line

trap release INT TERM EXIT

# Creates a lockfile. Sets global variable $ACQUIRED to true on success.
# 
# Returns 0 if it is successfully able to create lockfile.
acquire () {
    set -C #Shell noclobber option. If file exists, > will fail.
    UUID=`ps -eo pid,ppid,lstart $$ | tail -1`
    if (echo "$UUID" > "$LOCKFILE") 2>/dev/null; then
        ACQUIRED="TRUE"
        return 0
    else
        if [ -e $LOCKFILE ]; then 
            # We may be dealing with a stale lock file.
            # Bring out the magnifying glass. 
            CURRENT_UUID_FROM_LOCKFILE=`cat $LOCKFILE`
            CURRENT_PID_FROM_LOCKFILE=`cat $LOCKFILE | cut -f 1 -d " "`
            CURRENT_UUID_FROM_PS=`ps -eo pid,ppid,lstart $CURRENT_PID_FROM_LOCKFILE | tail -1`
            if [ "$CURRENT_UUID_FROM_LOCKFILE" == "$CURRENT_UUID_FROM_PS" ]; then 
                echo "Script already running with following identification: $CURRENT_UUID_FROM_LOCKFILE" >&2
                return 1
            else
                # The process that created this lock file died an ungraceful death. 
                # Take ownership of the lock file.
                echo "The process $CURRENT_UUID_FROM_LOCKFILE is no longer around. Taking ownership of $LOCKFILE"
                release "FORCE"
                if (echo "$UUID" > "$LOCKFILE") 2>/dev/null; then
                    ACQUIRED="TRUE"
                    return 0
                else
                    echo "Cannot write to $LOCKFILE. Error." >&2
                    return 1
                fi
            fi
        else
            echo "Do you have write permissons to $LOCKFILE ?" >&2
            return 1
        fi
    fi
}

# Removes the lock file only if this script created it ($ACQUIRED is set), 
# OR, if we are removing a stale lock file (first parameter is "FORCE") 
release () {
    #Destroy lock file. Take no prisoners.
    if [ "$ACQUIRED" ] || [ "$1" == "FORCE" ]; then
        rm -f $LOCKFILE
    fi
}

# Test code
# int main( int argc, const char* argv[] )
echo "Acquring lock."
acquire
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then 
    echo "Acquired lock."
    read -p "Press [Enter] key to release lock..."
    release
    echo "Released lock."
else
    echo "Unable to acquire lock."
fi

使用flock(1)在文件描述符上创建一个独占作用域锁。通过这种方式，您甚至可以同步脚本的不同部分。

#!/bin/bash

(
  # Wait for lock on /var/lock/.myscript.exclusivelock (fd 200) for 10 seconds
  flock -x -w 10 200 || exit 1

  # Do stuff

) 200>/var/lock/.myscript.exclusivelock

这确保(和)之间的代码一次只由一个进程运行，并且该进程不会为锁等待太长时间。

注意:这个特殊的命令是util-linux的一部分。如果您运行的是Linux以外的操作系统，那么它可能不可用，也可能不可用。

if [ 1 -ne $(/bin/fuser "$0" 2>/dev/null | wc -w) ]; then
    exit 1
fi

这将工作，如果你的脚本名称是唯一的:

#!/bin/bash
if [ $(pgrep -c $(basename $0)) -gt 1 ]; then 
  echo $(basename $0) is already running
  exit 0
fi

如果scriptname不是唯一的，这在大多数linux发行版上都有效:

#!/bin/bash
exec 9>/tmp/my_lock_file
if ! flock -n 9  ; then
   echo "another instance of this script is already running";
   exit 1
fi

来源:http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/045