对于Python 2.7+，惯用的答案是使用subprocess.check_output()

您还应该注意在调用子流程时对参数的处理，因为它可能有点令人困惑....

如果args只是一个单独的命令，没有自己的参数(或者你有shell=True set)，它可以是一个字符串。否则它必须是一个列表。

例如……要调用ls命令，这是可以的:

from subprocess import check_call
check_call('ls')

这就是:

from subprocess import check_call
check_call(['ls',])

然而，如果你想传递一些参数给shell命令，你不能这样做:

from subprocess import check_call
check_call('ls -al')

相反，你必须将它作为一个列表传递:

from subprocess import check_call
check_call(['ls', '-al'])

shlex.split()函数有时可以在创建子进程之前将字符串分割成类似shell的语法…… 是这样的:

from subprocess import check_call
import shlex
check_call(shlex.split('ls -al'))

Python 2: http://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen

from subprocess import PIPE, Popen

command = "ntpq -p"
process = Popen(command, stdout=PIPE, stderr=None, shell=True)
output = process.communicate()[0]
print output

在Popen构造函数中，如果shell为True，则应该将命令作为字符串而不是序列传递。否则，只需将命令拆分为一个列表:

command = ["ntpq", "-p"]
process = Popen(command, stdout=PIPE, stderr=None)

如果你还需要读取标准错误到Popen初始化中，你应该将stderr设置为PIPE或STDOUT:

command = "ntpq -p"
process = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, shell=True)
output, error = process.communicate()

注意:从Python 2.7开始，你可以/应该利用subprocess。# subprocess.check_output check_output (https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html)。

Python 3: https://docs.python.org/3/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen

from subprocess import PIPE, Popen

command = "ntpq -p"
with Popen(command, stdout=PIPE, stderr=None, shell=True) as process:
    output = process.communicate()[0].decode("utf-8")
    print(output)

注意:如果你的目标只是Python版本高于或等于3.5，那么你可以/应该利用subprocess.run (https://docs.python.org/3/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.run)。

下面将在单个变量中捕获流程的stdout和stderr。它兼容Python 2和3:

from subprocess import check_output, CalledProcessError, STDOUT

command = ["ls", "-l"]
try:
    output = check_output(command, stderr=STDOUT).decode()
    success = True 
except CalledProcessError as e:
    output = e.output.decode()
    success = False

如果你的命令是一个字符串而不是一个数组，用前缀this:

import shlex
command = shlex.split(command)

import subprocess
output = str(subprocess.Popen("ntpq -p",shell = True,stdout = subprocess.PIPE, 
stderr = subprocess.STDOUT).communicate()[0])

这是一条直线解

这对我来说非常合适:

import subprocess
try:
    #prints results and merges stdout and std
    result = subprocess.check_output("echo %USERNAME%", stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, shell=True)
    print result
    #causes error and merges stdout and stderr
    result = subprocess.check_output("copy testfds", stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, shell=True)
except subprocess.CalledProcessError, ex: # error code <> 0 
    print "--------error------"
    print ex.cmd
    print ex.message
    print ex.returncode
    print ex.output # contains stdout and stderr together 

在Python 3.7+中，你可以为subprocess.run使用新的capture_output=关键字参数:

import subprocess

p = subprocess.run(["echo", "hello world!"], capture_output=True, text=True)
assert p.stdout == 'hello world!\n'