为了教授回调，你必须先教授指针。一旦学生理解了指向变量的指针的概念，回调的概念就会变得更容易。假设您使用的是C/ c++，可以遵循这些步骤。

First show your students how to use and manipulate variables using pointers alongside using the normal variable identifiers. Then teach them there are things that can be done only with pointers(like passing a variable by reference). Then tell them how executable code or functions are just like some other data(or variables) in the memory. So, functions also have addresses or pointers. Then show them how functions can be called with function pointers and tell these are called callbacks. Now, the question is, why all these hassle for calling some functions? What is the benefit? Like data pointers, function pointer aka callbacks has some advantages over using normal identifiers. The first one is, function identifiers or function names cannot be used as normal data. I mean, you cannot make a data structure with functions(like an array or a linked list of functions). But with callbacks, you can make an array, a linked list or use them with other data like in dictionary of key-value pairs or trees, or any other things. This is a powerful benefit. And other benefits are actually child of this one. The most common use of callbacks is seen in event driver programming. Where one or more functions are executed based on some incoming signal. With callbacks, a dictionary can be maintained to map signals with callbacks. Then the input signal resolution and execution of corresponding code become much easier. The second use of callbacks coming in my mind is higher order functions. The functions which takes other functions as input arguments. And to send functions as arguments, we need callbacks. An example can be a function which take an array and a callback. Then it performs the callback on each of the item of the array and return the results in another array. If we pass the function a doubling callback, we get a doubled valued array. If we pass a squaring callback, we get squares. For square roots, just send appropriate callback. This cannot be done with normal functions.

可能还有更多的事情。让学生参与进来，他们就会发现。希望这能有所帮助。

为了教授回调，你必须先教授指针。一旦学生理解了指向变量的指针的概念，回调的概念就会变得更容易。假设您使用的是C/ c++，可以遵循这些步骤。

First show your students how to use and manipulate variables using pointers alongside using the normal variable identifiers. Then teach them there are things that can be done only with pointers(like passing a variable by reference). Then tell them how executable code or functions are just like some other data(or variables) in the memory. So, functions also have addresses or pointers. Then show them how functions can be called with function pointers and tell these are called callbacks. Now, the question is, why all these hassle for calling some functions? What is the benefit? Like data pointers, function pointer aka callbacks has some advantages over using normal identifiers. The first one is, function identifiers or function names cannot be used as normal data. I mean, you cannot make a data structure with functions(like an array or a linked list of functions). But with callbacks, you can make an array, a linked list or use them with other data like in dictionary of key-value pairs or trees, or any other things. This is a powerful benefit. And other benefits are actually child of this one. The most common use of callbacks is seen in event driver programming. Where one or more functions are executed based on some incoming signal. With callbacks, a dictionary can be maintained to map signals with callbacks. Then the input signal resolution and execution of corresponding code become much easier. The second use of callbacks coming in my mind is higher order functions. The functions which takes other functions as input arguments. And to send functions as arguments, we need callbacks. An example can be a function which take an array and a callback. Then it performs the callback on each of the item of the array and return the results in another array. If we pass the function a doubling callback, we get a doubled valued array. If we pass a squaring callback, we get squares. For square roots, just send appropriate callback. This cannot be done with normal functions.

可能还有更多的事情。让学生参与进来，他们就会发现。希望这能有所帮助。

在PHP中，它是这样的:

<?php

function string($string, $callback) {
     $results = array(
        'upper' => strtoupper($string),
        'lower' => strtolower($string),
        );

    if(is_callable($callback)) {
        call_user_func($callback, $results);
    }
}

string('Alex', function($name) {
    echo $name['lower'];
});

回调函数是作为参数传递给另一个函数的函数(在某些时候使用)。

以下是一些函数:

def greeting(name):
    print("Hello " + name + "!")

def departing(name):
    print("Goodbye " + name + "!")

下面是一个函数(使用ourCallBack作为回调参数):

def promptForName(ourCallback):
    myName = input("Enter Name:")
    ourCallback(myName)

现在让我们使用一些回调!

promptForName(greeting) 
# Enter Name: 
# >Ed
# Hello Ed!

promptForName(departing) 
# Enter Name: 
# >Ed
# Goodbye Ed!

promptForName(greeting) 
# Enter Name: 
# >Guy
# Hello Guy!

我能够很快地扩展我的代码。

处理(错误和误导性的)答案:

回调并不意味着异步!

JS在2015年得到承诺，async/await在2017年得到承诺。在此之前，使用回调。

这就是为什么这里的一些答案没有意义，他们把两者混为一谈了!

它们通常用于异步代码，但我的示例是同步的。

回调并不意味着事件驱动!

它们通常用于事件处理，但我的示例不是事件。

回调并不意味着闭包!

虽然通常用作提供闭包的一种简洁方式，但我的示例并不是这样。

回调不是第一类函数的完整定义!

它是创建第一类函数定义的众多特性之一。

C语言可以使用函数指针作为回调函数，尽管它没有第一类函数。

回调允许您将自己的代码插入到另一个代码块中，以便在另一个时间执行，从而修改或添加其他代码块的行为以满足您的需要。您获得了灵活性和可定制性，同时能够拥有更可维护的代码。

更少的硬代码=更容易维护和更改=更少的时间=更多的业务价值=很棒。

例如，在javascript中，使用Underscore.js，你可以在这样的数组中找到所有偶数元素:

var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=> [2, 4, 6]

示例由Underscore.js提供:http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore/#filter

简单明了:回调是你给另一个函数的函数，这样它就可以调用它。

通常在某个操作完成时调用它。由于在将回调函数交给其他函数之前创建了回调，因此可以使用调用站点的上下文信息初始化它。这就是为什么它被命名为call*back* -第一个函数从它被调用的地方回调到上下文。