看看这段c#代码:
byte x = 1;
byte y = 2;
byte z = x + y; // ERROR: Cannot implicitly convert type 'int' to 'byte'
在字节(或短)类型上执行的任何数学运算的结果都隐式地转换回整数。解决方案是显式地将结果转换回一个字节:
byte z = (byte)(x + y); // this works
我想知道的是为什么?是建筑吗?哲学吗?
我们有:
Int + Int = Int
长+长=长
浮+浮=浮
Double + Double = Double
所以为什么不呢:
字节+字节=字节
空头+空头=空头?
一点背景知识:我正在对“小数字”(即< 8)执行一个长列表的计算,并将中间结果存储在一个大数组中。使用字节数组(而不是int数组)更快(因为缓存命中)。但是大量的字节强制转换散布在代码中,使得代码更加难以阅读。
我已经测试了字节和int之间的性能。
int值:
class Program
{
private int a,b,c,d,e,f;
public Program()
{
a = 1;
b = 2;
c = (a + b);
d = (a - b);
e = (b / a);
f = (c * b);
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int max = 10000000;
DateTime start = DateTime.Now;
Program[] tab = new Program[max];
for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
{
tab[i] = new Program();
}
DateTime stop = DateTime.Now;
Debug.WriteLine(stop.Subtract(start).TotalSeconds);
}
}
使用字节值:
class Program
{
private byte a,b,c,d,e,f;
public Program()
{
a = 1;
b = 2;
c = (byte)(a + b);
d = (byte)(a - b);
e = (byte)(b / a);
f = (byte)(c * b);
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int max = 10000000;
DateTime start = DateTime.Now;
Program[] tab = new Program[max];
for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
{
tab[i] = new Program();
}
DateTime stop = DateTime.Now;
Debug.WriteLine(stop.Subtract(start).TotalSeconds);
}
}
结果如下:
字节:3.57s 157mo, 3.71s 171mo, 3.74s 168mo, CPU ~= 30%
int: 4.05s 298mo, 3.92s 278mo, 4.28 294mo with CPU ~= 27%
结论:
字节使用更多的CPU,但它消耗更少的内存,它更快(可能是因为有更少的字节分配)
This was probably a practical decision on the part of the language designers. After all, an int is an Int32, a 32-bit signed integer. Whenever you do an integer operation on a type smaller than int, it's going to be converted to a 32 bit signed int by most any 32 bit CPU anyway. That, combined with the likelihood of overflowing small integers, probably sealed the deal. It saves you from the chore of continuously checking for over/under-flow, and when the final result of an expression on bytes would be in range, despite the fact that at some intermediate stage it would be out of range, you get a correct result.
另一种想法是:必须模拟这些类型上的溢出/欠流,因为它不会自然地发生在最可能的目标cpu上。何苦呢?