访问者模式作为方面对象编程的地下实现。

例如，如果您定义一个新操作，而不改变其操作的元素的类

你困惑的原因可能是来客是一个致命的用词不当。许多(杰出的)程序员都曾遇到过这个问题。它实际做的是用本身不支持它的语言(大多数语言不支持)实现双重调度。

1)我最喜欢的例子是《Effective c++》的作者Scott Meyers，他称这是他最重要的c++啊哈之一!的时刻。

我真的很喜欢http://python-3-patterns-idioms-test.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Visitor.html上的描述和例子。

The assumption is that you have a primary class hierarchy that is fixed; perhaps it’s from another vendor and you can’t make changes to that hierarchy. However, your intent is that you’d like to add new polymorphic methods to that hierarchy, which means that normally you’d have to add something to the base class interface. So the dilemma is that you need to add methods to the base class, but you can’t touch the base class. How do you get around this? The design pattern that solves this kind of problem is called a “visitor” (the final one in the Design Patterns book), and it builds on the double dispatching scheme shown in the last section. The visitor pattern allows you to extend the interface of the primary type by creating a separate class hierarchy of type Visitor to virtualize the operations performed upon the primary type. The objects of the primary type simply “accept” the visitor, then call the visitor’s dynamically-bound member function.

正如Konrad Rudolph已经指出的，它适用于需要双重调度的情况

这里有一个例子，以显示我们需要双重调度&访客如何帮助我们这样做的情况。

例子:

假设我有三种类型的移动设备——iPhone, Android, Windows mobile。

这三种设备都安装了蓝牙收音机。

让我们假设蓝牙收音机可以来自2个独立的原始设备制造商-英特尔和博通。

为了使这个例子与我们的讨论相关，我们还假设Intel电台公开的api与Broadcom电台公开的api是不同的。

这是我的类的样子

现在，我想介绍一个操作——移动设备蓝牙开关。

它的函数特征应该是这样的

 void SwitchOnBlueTooth(IMobileDevice mobileDevice, IBlueToothRadio blueToothRadio)

因此，根据正确的设备类型和蓝牙收音机的正确类型，它可以通过调用适当的步骤或算法打开。

原则上，它变成了一个3 × 2的矩阵，在这里，我试图根据所涉及的对象的正确类型来进行正确的操作。

取决于两个参数类型的多态行为。

现在，访问者模式可以应用于这个问题。灵感来自维基百科页面上的说明——“本质上，访问者允许在不修改类本身的情况下向类族添加新的虚函数;相反，创建一个实现虚函数的所有适当专门化的访问者类。访问者将实例引用作为输入，通过双重调度实现目标。

由于3x2矩阵，双重调度是必要的

这是如何设置看起来像-

我写了一个例子来回答另一个问题，代码和它的解释在这里被提到。

使用访问者模式至少有三个很好的理由:

减少代码的增殖，当数据结构发生变化时，代码只会略有不同。 将相同的计算应用于多个数据结构，而不改变实现计算的代码。 在不更改遗留代码的情况下向遗留库添加信息。

请看看我写的一篇关于这方面的文章。

Quick description of the visitor pattern. The classes that require modification must all implement the 'accept' method. Clients call this accept method to perform some new action on that family of classes thereby extending their functionality. Clients are able to use this one accept method to perform a wide range of new actions by passing in a different visitor class for each specific action. A visitor class contains multiple overridden visit methods defining how to achieve that same specific action for every class within the family. These visit methods get passed an instance on which to work.

当你考虑使用它的时候

When you have a family of classes you know your going to have to add many new actions them all, but for some reason you are not able to alter or recompile the family of classes in the future. When you want to add a new action and have that new action entirely defined within one the visitor class rather than spread out across multiple classes. When your boss says you must produce a range of classes which must do something right now!... but nobody actually knows exactly what that something is yet.