我如何使Python字典成员访问通过点“。”?
例如,我想写mydict.val而不是mydict['val']。
我还想以这种方式访问嵌套字典。例如
mydict.mydict2.val
会提到
mydict = { 'mydict2': { 'val': ... } }
我如何使Python字典成员访问通过点“。”?
例如,我想写mydict.val而不是mydict['val']。
我还想以这种方式访问嵌套字典。例如
mydict.mydict2.val
会提到
mydict = { 'mydict2': { 'val': ... } }
当前回答
这是我从很久以前的一个项目里挖出来的。它可能还可以再优化一点,但就是这样了。
class DotNotation(dict):
__setattr__= dict.__setitem__
__delattr__= dict.__delitem__
def __init__(self, data):
if isinstance(data, str):
data = json.loads(data)
for name, value in data.items():
setattr(self, name, self._wrap(value))
def __getattr__(self, attr):
def _traverse(obj, attr):
if self._is_indexable(obj):
try:
return obj[int(attr)]
except:
return None
elif isinstance(obj, dict):
return obj.get(attr, None)
else:
return attr
if '.' in attr:
return reduce(_traverse, attr.split('.'), self)
return self.get(attr, None)
def _wrap(self, value):
if self._is_indexable(value):
# (!) recursive (!)
return type(value)([self._wrap(v) for v in value])
elif isinstance(value, dict):
return DotNotation(value)
else:
return value
@staticmethod
def _is_indexable(obj):
return isinstance(obj, (tuple, list, set, frozenset))
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_dict = {
"dimensions": {
"length": "112",
"width": "103",
"height": "42"
},
"meta_data": [
{
"id": 11089769,
"key": "imported_gallery_files",
"value": [
"https://example.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/unnamed-3.jpg",
"https://example.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/unnamed-2.jpg",
"https://example.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/unnamed-4.jpg"
]
}
]
}
dotted_dict = DotNotation(test_dict)
print(dotted_dict.dimensions.length) # => '112'
print(getattr(dotted_dict, 'dimensions.length')) # => '112'
print(dotted_dict.meta_data[0].key) # => 'imported_gallery_files'
print(getattr(dotted_dict, 'meta_data.0.key')) # => 'imported_gallery_files'
print(dotted_dict.meta_data[0].value) # => ['link1','link2','link2']
print(getattr(dotted_dict, 'meta_data.0.value')) # => ['link1','link2','link3']
print(dotted_dict.meta_data[0].value[2]) # => 'link3'
print(getattr(dotted_dict, 'meta_data.0.value.2')) # => 'link3'
其他回答
I ended up trying BOTH the AttrDict and the Bunch libraries and found them to be way to slow for my uses. After a friend and I looked into it, we found that the main method for writing these libraries results in the library aggressively recursing through a nested object and making copies of the dictionary object throughout. With this in mind, we made two key changes. 1) We made attributes lazy-loaded 2) instead of creating copies of a dictionary object, we create copies of a light-weight proxy object. This is the final implementation. The performance increase of using this code is incredible. When using AttrDict or Bunch, these two libraries alone consumed 1/2 and 1/3 respectively of my request time(what!?). This code reduced that time to almost nothing(somewhere in the range of 0.5ms). This of course depends on your needs, but if you are using this functionality quite a bit in your code, definitely go with something simple like this.
class DictProxy(object):
def __init__(self, obj):
self.obj = obj
def __getitem__(self, key):
return wrap(self.obj[key])
def __getattr__(self, key):
try:
return wrap(getattr(self.obj, key))
except AttributeError:
try:
return self[key]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError(key)
# you probably also want to proxy important list properties along like
# items(), iteritems() and __len__
class ListProxy(object):
def __init__(self, obj):
self.obj = obj
def __getitem__(self, key):
return wrap(self.obj[key])
# you probably also want to proxy important list properties along like
# __iter__ and __len__
def wrap(value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
return DictProxy(value)
if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
return ListProxy(value)
return value
参见https://stackoverflow.com/users/704327/michael-merickel的原始实现。
另一件需要注意的事情是,这个实现非常简单,并且没有实现您可能需要的所有方法。您需要根据需要在DictProxy或ListProxy对象上写入这些内容。
@derek73的答案非常简洁,但它不能被pickle或(深度)复制,并且它在缺少键时返回None。下面的代码修复了这个问题。
编辑:我没有看到上面的答案解决了完全相同的问题(点赞)。我把答案留在这里供参考。
class dotdict(dict):
__setattr__ = dict.__setitem__
__delattr__ = dict.__delitem__
def __getattr__(self, name):
try:
return self[name]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError(name)
这也适用于嵌套字典,并确保后面追加的字典行为相同:
class DotDict(dict):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
# Recursively turn nested dicts into DotDicts
for key, value in self.items():
if type(value) is dict:
self[key] = DotDict(value)
def __setitem__(self, key, item):
if type(item) is dict:
item = DotDict(item)
super().__setitem__(key, item)
__setattr__ = __setitem__
__getattr__ = dict.__getitem__
我试了一下:
class dotdict(dict):
def __getattr__(self, name):
return self[name]
你也可以尝试__getattribute__。
使每个字典都是一种类型的dotdict就足够了,如果你想从多层字典初始化它,也可以尝试实现__init__。
使用__getattr__,非常简单,适用于 Python 3.4.3
class myDict(dict):
def __getattr__(self,val):
return self[val]
blockBody=myDict()
blockBody['item1']=10000
blockBody['item2']="StackOverflow"
print(blockBody.item1)
print(blockBody.item2)
输出:
10000
StackOverflow