知道枚举就像其他具有常量字段和私有构造函数的类一样是有用的。

例如,

public enum Weekday
{
  MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY, SUNDAY
} 

编译器按如下方式编译它;

class Weekday extends Enum
{
  public static final Weekday MONDAY  = new Weekday( "MONDAY",   0 );
  public static final Weekday TUESDAY = new Weekday( "TUESDAY ", 1 );
  public static final Weekday WEDNESDAY= new Weekday( "WEDNESDAY", 2 );
  public static final Weekday THURSDAY= new Weekday( "THURSDAY", 3 );
  public static final Weekday FRIDAY= new Weekday( "FRIDAY", 4 );
  public static final Weekday SATURDAY= new Weekday( "SATURDAY", 5 );
  public static final Weekday SUNDAY= new Weekday( "SUNDAY", 6 );

  private Weekday( String s, int i )
  {
    super( s, i );
  }

  // other methods...
}

Something none of the other answers have covered that make enums particularly powerful are the ability to have template methods. Methods can be part of the base enum and overridden by each type. And, with the behavior attached to the enum, it often eliminates the need for if-else constructs or switch statements as this blog post demonstrates - where enum.method() does what originally would be executed inside the conditional. The same example also shows the use of static imports with enums as well producing much cleaner DSL like code.

其他一些有趣的特性包括枚举提供equals()、toString()和hashCode()的实现，并实现Serializable和Comparable。

我强烈推荐Bruce Eckel的《Thinking in Java》第4版，它用了整整一章来讨论这个主题。特别具有启发性的例子是将石头剪子布(即RoShamBo)游戏作为枚举。

基于enum的单例

一个老问题的现代视角

这种方法通过利用Java的保证来实现单例，即任何enum值在Java程序中只实例化一次，并且enum为线程安全提供了隐式支持。由于Java枚举值是全局可访问的，因此它们可以作为单例使用。

public enum Singleton {
    SINGLETON; 
    public void method() { }
}

这是如何工作的呢?好吧，代码的第二行可以被认为是这样的:

public final static Singleton SINGLETON = new Singleton(); 

我们得到了早期初始化的单例。

记住，因为这是一个枚举，你总是可以通过Singleton访问实例。单例也是:

Singleton s = Singleton.SINGLETON;

优势

To prevent creating other instances of singleton during deserialization use enum based singleton because serialization of enum is taken care by JVM. Enum serialization and deserialization work differently than for normal java objects. The only thing that gets serialized is the name of the enum value. During the deserialization process, the enum valueOf method is used with the deserialized name to get the desired instance. Enum based singleton allows to protect itself from reflection attacks. The enum type actually extends the java Enum class. The reason that reflection cannot be used to instantiate objects of enum type is that the java specification disallows and that rule is coded in the implementation of the newInstance method of the Constructor class, which is usually used for creating objects via reflection:

if ((clazz.getModifiers() & Modifier.ENUM) != 0)
    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot reflectively create enum objects");

Enum不应该被克隆，因为每个值必须只有一个实例。 所有单例实现中最简洁的代码。

缺点

The enum based singleton does not allow lazy initialization. If you changed your design and wanted to convert your singleton to multiton, enum would not allow this. The multiton pattern is used for the controlled creation of multiple instances, which it manages through the use of a map. Rather than having a single instance per application (e.g. the java.lang.Runtime) the multiton pattern instead ensures a single instance per key. Enum appears only in Java 5 so you can not use it in the prior version.

单例模式有几种实现方式，每一种都有优缺点。

急装单件 双重检查锁定单例 初始化-按需holder习语 基于enum的单例

详细的描述每个都太啰嗦了，所以我只是放了一个链接到一篇好文章-所有你想知道的关于Singleton

而不是做一堆const int声明

您可以将它们都分组在一个enum中

所以它们都是由它们所属的共同群体组织起来的

Enum继承Object类和抽象类Enum的所有方法。所以你可以使用它的方法来反射、多线程、序列化、可比性等等。如果你只是声明一个静态常量而不是Enum，你就不能。除此之外，Enum的值也可以传递给DAO层。

下面是要演示的示例程序。

public enum State {

    Start("1"),
    Wait("1"),
    Notify("2"),
    NotifyAll("3"),
    Run("4"),
    SystemInatilize("5"),
    VendorInatilize("6"),
    test,
    FrameworkInatilize("7");

    public static State getState(String value) {
        return State.Wait;
    }

    private String value;
    State test;

    private State(String value) {
        this.value = value;
    }

    private State() {
    }

    public String getValue() {
        return value;
    }

    public void setCurrentState(State currentState) {
        test = currentState;
    }

    public boolean isNotify() {
        return this.equals(Notify);
    }
}

public class EnumTest {

    State test;

    public void setCurrentState(State currentState) {
        test = currentState;
    }

    public State getCurrentState() {
        return test;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(State.test);
        System.out.println(State.FrameworkInatilize);
        EnumTest test=new EnumTest();
        test.setCurrentState(State.Notify);
        test. stateSwitch();
    }

    public void stateSwitch() {
        switch (getCurrentState()) {
        case Notify:
            System.out.println("Notify");
            System.out.println(test.isNotify());
            break;
        default:
            break;
        }
    }
}

除了前面提到的用例，我经常发现枚举对于实现策略模式很有用，遵循一些基本的面向对象原则:

将代码放在数据所在的位置(即在枚举本身中——或者通常在枚举常量中，这可能会覆盖方法)。 实现一个(或更多)接口，以便不将客户端代码绑定到枚举(它应该只提供一组默认实现)。

最简单的例子是一组Comparator实现:

enum StringComparator implements Comparator<String> {
    NATURAL {
        @Override
        public int compare(String s1, String s2) {
            return s1.compareTo(s2);
        }
    },
    REVERSE {
        @Override
        public int compare(String s1, String s2) {
            return NATURAL.compare(s2, s1);
        }
    },
    LENGTH {
        @Override
        public int compare(String s1, String s2) {
            return new Integer(s1.length()).compareTo(s2.length());
        }
    };
}

这种“模式”可以在更复杂的场景中使用，广泛使用枚举附带的所有优点:遍历实例，依赖于它们的隐式顺序，根据实例名称检索实例，为特定上下文提供正确实例的静态方法等等。你仍然把这些都隐藏在接口后面，这样你的代码就可以在不需要修改的情况下使用自定义实现，以防你想要一些“默认选项”中不可用的东西。

我曾看到这种方法成功地应用于时间粒度(每天、每周等)概念的建模，其中所有逻辑都封装在枚举中(为给定的时间范围选择正确的粒度，将特定行为绑定到每个粒度作为常量方法等)。而且，服务层所看到的粒度只是一个接口。