以下是我在多年开发经验后的一些看法:

Checked exception. This is a part of business use case or call flow, this is a part of application logic we expect or not expect. For example connection rejected, condition is not satisfied etc. We need to handle it and show corresponding message to user with instructions what happened and what to do next (try again later etc). I usually call it post-processing exception or "user" exception. Unchecked exception. This is a part of programming exception, some mistake in software code programming (bug, defect) and reflects a way how programmers must use API as per documentation. If an external lib/framework doc says it expects to get data in some range and non null, because NPE or IllegalArgumentException will be thrown, programmer should expect it and use API correctly as per documentation. Otherwise the exception will be thrown. I usually call it pre-processing exception or "validation" exception.

目标受众。现在让我们来谈谈目标受众或设计例外的人群(根据我的观点):

检查异常。目标受众是用户/客户。 未经检查的异常。目标受众是开发人员。换句话说，未检查异常仅是为开发人员设计的。

通过应用程序开发生命周期阶段。

受控异常被设计为在整个生产生命周期中存在，作为应用程序处理异常情况的正常和预期机制。 未检查异常被设计为只存在于应用程序开发/测试生命周期期间，所有这些异常都应该在这段时间内得到修复，并且当应用程序已经在生产环境中运行时不应该抛出。

框架通常使用未检查异常(例如Spring)的原因是框架不能确定应用程序的业务逻辑，这取决于开发人员捕捉并设计自己的逻辑。

来自Java学习者:

When an exception occurs, you have to either catch and handle the exception, or tell compiler that you can't handle it by declaring that your method throws that exception, then the code that uses your method will have to handle that exception (even it also may choose to declare that it throws the exception if it can't handle it). Compiler will check that we have done one of the two things (catch, or declare). So these are called Checked exceptions. But Errors, and Runtime Exceptions are not checked for by compiler (even though you can choose to catch, or declare, it is not required). So, these two are called Unchecked exceptions. Errors are used to represent those conditions which occur outside the application, such as crash of the system. Runtime exceptions are usually occur by fault in the application logic. You can't do anything in these situations. When runtime exception occur, you have to re-write your program code. So, these are not checked by compiler. These runtime exceptions will uncover in development, and testing period. Then we have to refactor our code to remove these errors.

我使用的规则是:永远不要使用未经检查的异常!(或者当你看不到任何方法的时候)

从使用您的库的开发人员或使用您的库/应用程序的最终用户的角度来看，遇到由于不应出现的异常而导致应用程序崩溃的情况真的很糟糕。指望包罗万象也不行。

通过这种方式，最终用户仍然可以看到错误消息，而不是应用程序完全消失。

我们必须根据是否是程序员错误来区分这两种类型的异常。

If an error is a programmer error, it must be an Unchecked Exception. For example: SQLException/IOException/NullPointerException. These exceptions are programming errors. They should be handled by programmer. While in JDBC API, SQLException is Checked Exception, In Spring JDBCTemplate it is an Unchecked Exception.Programmer doesn't worry about SqlException, when use Spring. If an error is not a programmer error and the reason is coming from external, it must be a Checked Exception. For example: if the file is deleted or file permission is changed by someone else, It should be recovered.

FileNotFoundException是理解细微差别的好例子。在找不到文件的情况下抛出FileNotFoundException。这种例外有两个原因。如果文件路径是由开发人员定义的或通过GUI从最终用户获取的，那么它应该是一个未检查的异常。如果文件被其他人删除，它应该是一个Checked Exception。

检查异常可以用两种方式处理。它们使用try-catch或传播异常。在异常传播的情况下，由于异常处理，调用堆栈中的所有方法都将紧密耦合。这就是为什么我们必须小心地使用已检查异常。

如果您开发了一个分层的企业系统，您必须选择大多数未检查的异常来抛出，但不要忘记在您什么都做不了的情况下使用已检查的异常。

我认为我们可以从以下几个问题来考虑例外:

为什么会发生异常?当它发生时我们能做什么

一个错误，一个bug。如方法调用空对象。

String name = null;
... // some logics
System.out.print(name.length()); // name is still null here

这种异常应该在测试期间修复。否则，它会破坏生产，你会得到一个非常严重的bug，需要立即修复。这种异常不需要检查。

通过来自外部的输入，您不能控制或信任外部服务的输出。

String name = ExternalService.getName(); // return null
System.out.print(name.length());    // name is null here

在这里，如果您希望在名称为空时继续，则可能需要检查名称是否为空，否则，您可以让它单独运行，它将在这里停止并向调用者提供运行时异常。 这种异常不需要检查。

通过来自外部的运行时异常，您不能控制或信任外部服务。

在这里，如果您希望在发生异常时继续执行，则可能需要从ExternalService捕获所有异常，否则，您可以不去管它，它将在这里停止并向调用者提供运行时异常。

通过来自外部的受控异常，您不能控制或信任外部服务。

在这里，如果您希望在发生异常时继续执行，则可能需要从ExternalService捕获所有异常，否则，您可以不去管它，它将在这里停止并向调用者提供运行时异常。

在这种情况下，我们需要知道ExternalService中发生了什么样的异常吗?这取决于:

如果您可以处理某些类型的异常，则需要捕获它们并进行处理。对其他人来说，泡一下。 如果您需要记录或响应用户特定的异常，您可以捕获它们。对其他人来说，泡一下。

我同意将未检查异常作为规则的偏好，特别是在设计API时。调用方总是可以选择捕获记录在案的、未检查的异常。你只是没有必要强迫打电话的人。

I find checked exceptions useful at the lower-level, as implementation detail. It often seems like a better flow of control mechanism than having to manage a specified error "return code". It can sometimes help see the impact of an idea for a low level code change too... declare a checked exception downstream and see who would need to adjust. This last point doesn't apply if there are a lot of generic: catch(Exception e) or throws Exception which is usually not too well-thought out anyway.