c++用什么方法把字符串(char *)解析成int?健壮和清晰的错误处理是一个加分项(而不是返回零)。
当前回答
我喜欢Dan Moulding的回答，我将添加一点c++风格:
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cerrno>
#include <climits>
#include <stdexcept>
int to_int(const std::string &s, int base = 0)
{
char *end;
errno = 0;
long result = std::strtol(s.c_str(), &end, base);
if (errno == ERANGE || result > INT_MAX || result < INT_MIN)
throw std::out_of_range("toint: string is out of range");
if (s.length() == 0 || *end != '\0')
throw std::invalid_argument("toint: invalid string");
return result;
}
通过隐式转换，它对std::string和const char*都有效。它也适用于基转换，例如，所有to_int("0x7b")和to_int("0173")和to_int("01111011"， 2)和to_int("0000007B"， 16)和to_int("11120"， 3)和to_int("3L"， 34);返回123。
与std::stoi不同，它可以在pre- c++ 11中工作。也不像std::stoi, boost::lexical_cast和stringstream，它会抛出奇怪的字符串异常，比如“123hohoho”。
注意:此函数允许前导空格，但不允许尾随空格，即to_int("123 ")返回123，而to_int("123 ")抛出异常。确保这对于您的用例是可接受的，或者调整代码。
这样的功能可能是STL的一部分…
其他回答
从c++ 17开始，你可以从<charconv>头文件中使用std::from_chars。
例如:
#include <iostream>
#include <charconv>
#include <array>
int main()
{
char const * str = "42";
int value = 0;
std::from_chars_result result = std::from_chars(std::begin(str), std::end(str), value);
if(result.error == std::errc::invalid_argument)
{
std::cout << "Error, invalid format";
}
else if(result.error == std::errc::result_out_of_range)
{
std::cout << "Error, value too big for int range";
}
else
{
std::cout << "Success: " << result;
}
}
另外，它还可以处理其他进制，比如十六进制。
我知道这是一个老问题，但我已经遇到过很多次了，到目前为止，仍然没有找到一个具有以下特征的良好模板解决方案:
可以转换任何基(并检测基类型) 将检测错误的数据(即确保整个字符串，更少的前导/尾随空格，被转换消耗) 将确保无论转换为哪种类型，字符串值的范围都是可接受的。
So, here is mine, with a test strap. Because it uses the C functions strtoull/strtoll under the hood, it always converts first to the largest type available. Then, if you are not using the largest type, it will perform additional range checks to verify your type was not over(under)flowed. For this, it is a little less performant than if one properly chose strtol/strtoul. However, it also works for shorts/chars and, to the best of my knowledge, there exists no standard library function that does that, too.
享受;希望有人觉得它有用。
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cerrno>
#include <limits>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <sstream>
static const int DefaultBase = 10;
template<typename T>
static inline T CstrtoxllWrapper(const char *str, int base = DefaultBase)
{
while (isspace(*str)) str++; // remove leading spaces; verify there's data
if (*str == '\0') { throw std::invalid_argument("str; no data"); } // nothing to convert
// NOTE: for some reason strtoull allows a negative sign, we don't; if
// converting to an unsigned then it must always be positive!
if (!std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed && *str == '-')
{ throw std::invalid_argument("str; negative"); }
// reset errno and call fn (either strtoll or strtoull)
errno = 0;
char *ePtr;
T tmp = std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed ? strtoll(str, &ePtr, base)
: strtoull(str, &ePtr, base);
// check for any C errors -- note these are range errors on T, which may
// still be out of the range of the actual type we're using; the caller
// may need to perform additional range checks.
if (errno != 0)
{
if (errno == ERANGE) { throw std::range_error("str; out of range"); }
else if (errno == EINVAL) { throw std::invalid_argument("str; EINVAL"); }
else { throw std::invalid_argument("str; unknown errno"); }
}
// verify everything converted -- extraneous spaces are allowed
if (ePtr != NULL)
{
while (isspace(*ePtr)) ePtr++;
if (*ePtr != '\0') { throw std::invalid_argument("str; bad data"); }
}
return tmp;
}
template<typename T>
T StringToSigned(const char *str, int base = DefaultBase)
{
static const long long max = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
static const long long min = std::numeric_limits<T>::min();
long long tmp = CstrtoxllWrapper<typeof(tmp)>(str, base); // use largest type
// final range check -- only needed if not long long type; a smart compiler
// should optimize this whole thing out
if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(tmp)) { return tmp; }
if (tmp < min || tmp > max)
{
std::ostringstream err;
err << "str; value " << tmp << " out of " << sizeof(T) * 8
<< "-bit signed range (";
if (sizeof(T) != 1) err << min << ".." << max;
else err << (int) min << ".." << (int) max; // don't print garbage chars
err << ")";
throw std::range_error(err.str());
}
return tmp;
}
template<typename T>
T StringToUnsigned(const char *str, int base = DefaultBase)
{
static const unsigned long long max = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
unsigned long long tmp = CstrtoxllWrapper<typeof(tmp)>(str, base); // use largest type
// final range check -- only needed if not long long type; a smart compiler
// should optimize this whole thing out
if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(tmp)) { return tmp; }
if (tmp > max)
{
std::ostringstream err;
err << "str; value " << tmp << " out of " << sizeof(T) * 8
<< "-bit unsigned range (0..";
if (sizeof(T) != 1) err << max;
else err << (int) max; // don't print garbage chars
err << ")";
throw std::range_error(err.str());
}
return tmp;
}
template<typename T>
inline T
StringToDecimal(const char *str, int base = DefaultBase)
{
return std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed ? StringToSigned<T>(str, base)
: StringToUnsigned<T>(str, base);
}
template<typename T>
inline T
StringToDecimal(T &out_convertedVal, const char *str, int base = DefaultBase)
{
return out_convertedVal = StringToDecimal<T>(str, base);
}
/*============================== [ Test Strap ] ==============================*/
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <iostream>
static bool _g_anyFailed = false;
template<typename T>
void TestIt(const char *tName,
const char *s, int base,
bool successExpected = false, T expectedValue = 0)
{
#define FAIL(s) { _g_anyFailed = true; std::cout << s; }
T x;
std::cout << "converting<" << tName << ">b:" << base << " [" << s << "]";
try
{
StringToDecimal<T>(x, s, base);
// get here on success only
if (!successExpected)
{
FAIL(" -- TEST FAILED; SUCCESS NOT EXPECTED!" << std::endl);
}
else
{
std::cout << " -> ";
if (sizeof(T) != 1) std::cout << x;
else std::cout << (int) x; // don't print garbage chars
if (x != expectedValue)
{
FAIL("; FAILED (expected value:" << expectedValue << ")!");
}
std::cout << std::endl;
}
}
catch (std::exception &e)
{
if (successExpected)
{
FAIL( " -- TEST FAILED; EXPECTED SUCCESS!"
<< " (got:" << e.what() << ")" << std::endl);
}
else
{
std::cout << "; expected exception encounterd: [" << e.what() << "]" << std::endl;
}
}
}
#define TEST(t, s, ...) \
TestIt<t>(#t, s, __VA_ARGS__);
int main()
{
std::cout << "============ variable base tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(int, "-0xF", 0, true, -0xF);
TEST(int, "+0xF", 0, true, 0xF);
TEST(int, "0xF", 0, true, 0xF);
TEST(int, "-010", 0, true, -010);
TEST(int, "+010", 0, true, 010);
TEST(int, "010", 0, true, 010);
TEST(int, "-10", 0, true, -10);
TEST(int, "+10", 0, true, 10);
TEST(int, "10", 0, true, 10);
std::cout << "============ base-10 tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(int, "-010", 10, true, -10);
TEST(int, "+010", 10, true, 10);
TEST(int, "010", 10, true, 10);
TEST(int, "-10", 10, true, -10);
TEST(int, "+10", 10, true, 10);
TEST(int, "10", 10, true, 10);
TEST(int, "00010", 10, true, 10);
std::cout << "============ base-8 tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(int, "777", 8, true, 0777);
TEST(int, "-0111 ", 8, true, -0111);
TEST(int, "+0010 ", 8, true, 010);
std::cout << "============ base-16 tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(int, "DEAD", 16, true, 0xDEAD);
TEST(int, "-BEEF", 16, true, -0xBEEF);
TEST(int, "+C30", 16, true, 0xC30);
std::cout << "============ base-2 tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(int, "-10011001", 2, true, -153);
TEST(int, "10011001", 2, true, 153);
std::cout << "============ irregular base tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(int, "Z", 36, true, 35);
TEST(int, "ZZTOP", 36, true, 60457993);
TEST(int, "G", 17, true, 16);
TEST(int, "H", 17);
std::cout << "============ space deliminated tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(int, "1337 ", 10, true, 1337);
TEST(int, " FEAD", 16, true, 0xFEAD);
TEST(int, " 0711 ", 0, true, 0711);
std::cout << "============ bad data tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(int, "FEAD", 10);
TEST(int, "1234 asdfklj", 10);
TEST(int, "-0xF", 10);
TEST(int, "+0xF", 10);
TEST(int, "0xF", 10);
TEST(int, "-F", 10);
TEST(int, "+F", 10);
TEST(int, "12.4", 10);
TEST(int, "ABG", 16);
TEST(int, "10011002", 2);
std::cout << "============ int8_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(int8_t, "7F", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max());
TEST(int8_t, "80", 16);
TEST(int8_t, "-80", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min());
TEST(int8_t, "-81", 16);
TEST(int8_t, "FF", 16);
TEST(int8_t, "100", 16);
std::cout << "============ uint8_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(uint8_t, "7F", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max());
TEST(uint8_t, "80", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max()+1);
TEST(uint8_t, "-80", 16);
TEST(uint8_t, "-81", 16);
TEST(uint8_t, "FF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max());
TEST(uint8_t, "100", 16);
std::cout << "============ int16_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(int16_t, "7FFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::max());
TEST(int16_t, "8000", 16);
TEST(int16_t, "-8000", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::min());
TEST(int16_t, "-8001", 16);
TEST(int16_t, "FFFF", 16);
TEST(int16_t, "10000", 16);
std::cout << "============ uint16_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(uint16_t, "7FFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::max());
TEST(uint16_t, "8000", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::max()+1);
TEST(uint16_t, "-8000", 16);
TEST(uint16_t, "-8001", 16);
TEST(uint16_t, "FFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max());
TEST(uint16_t, "10000", 16);
std::cout << "============ int32_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(int32_t, "7FFFFFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
TEST(int32_t, "80000000", 16);
TEST(int32_t, "-80000000", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min());
TEST(int32_t, "-80000001", 16);
TEST(int32_t, "FFFFFFFF", 16);
TEST(int32_t, "100000000", 16);
std::cout << "============ uint32_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(uint32_t, "7FFFFFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
TEST(uint32_t, "80000000", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()+1);
TEST(uint32_t, "-80000000", 16);
TEST(uint32_t, "-80000001", 16);
TEST(uint32_t, "FFFFFFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max());
TEST(uint32_t, "100000000", 16);
std::cout << "============ int64_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(int64_t, "7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max());
TEST(int64_t, "8000000000000000", 16);
TEST(int64_t, "-8000000000000000", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min());
TEST(int64_t, "-8000000000000001", 16);
TEST(int64_t, "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", 16);
TEST(int64_t, "10000000000000000", 16);
std::cout << "============ uint64_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
TEST(uint64_t, "7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max());
TEST(uint64_t, "8000000000000000", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()+1);
TEST(uint64_t, "-8000000000000000", 16);
TEST(uint64_t, "-8000000000000001", 16);
TEST(uint64_t, "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max());
TEST(uint64_t, "10000000000000000", 16);
std::cout << std::endl << std::endl
<< (_g_anyFailed ? "!! SOME TESTS FAILED !!" : "ALL TESTS PASSED")
<< std::endl;
return _g_anyFailed;
}
StringToDecimal是user-land方法;它是重载的，所以可以像这样调用它:
int a; a = StringToDecimal<int>("100");
或:
int a; StringToDecimal(a, "100");
我讨厌重复int类型，所以更喜欢后者。这确保了如果“a”的类型发生了变化，也不会得到不好的结果。我希望编译器能像这样计算出来:
int a; a = StringToDecimal("100");
.．.但是，c++不推导模板返回类型，所以这是我能得到的最好的。
实现非常简单:
CstrtoxllWrapper包装strtoull和strtoll，根据模板类型的有符号性调用其中一个，并提供一些额外的保证(例如，如果无符号，则不允许负输入，它确保整个字符串被转换)。
CstrtoxllWrapper由StringToSigned和StringToUnsigned使用，具有编译器可用的最大类型(long long/unsigned long long);这允许执行最大的转换。然后，如果有必要，StringToSigned/StringToUnsigned对底层类型执行最后的范围检查。最后，端点方法StringToDecimal根据底层类型的符号性决定调用哪一个StringTo*模板方法。
我认为大多数垃圾可以被编译器优化掉;几乎所有东西都应该是编译时确定的。任何关于这方面的评论对我来说都很有趣!
这是比atoi()更安全的C方式
const char* str = "123";
int i;
if(sscanf(str, "%d", &i) == EOF )
{
/* error */
}
c++与标准库stringstream:(感谢CMS)
int str2int (const string &str) {
stringstream ss(str);
int num;
if((ss >> num).fail())
{
//ERROR
}
return num;
}
使用boost library:(感谢jk)
#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
#include <string>
try
{
std::string str = "123";
int number = boost::lexical_cast< int >( str );
}
catch( const boost::bad_lexical_cast & )
{
// Error
}
编辑:修正了stringstream版本，以便它处理错误。(感谢CMS和jk对原文的评论)
不要做什么
这是我的第一条建议:不要使用stringstream。虽然一开始它看起来使用起来很简单，但您会发现如果想要健壮性和良好的错误处理，就必须做很多额外的工作。
下面是一个直觉上看起来应该有效的方法:
bool str2int (int &i, char const *s)
{
std::stringstream ss(s);
ss >> i;
if (ss.fail()) {
// not an integer
return false;
}
return true;
}
这有一个主要的问题:str2int(i， "1337h4x0r")将愉快地返回true，我将得到值1337。我们可以通过确保转换后stringstream中不再有字符来解决这个问题:
bool str2int (int &i, char const *s)
{
char c;
std::stringstream ss(s);
ss >> i;
if (ss.fail() || ss.get(c)) {
// not an integer
return false;
}
return true;
}
我们解决了一个问题，但还有其他几个问题。
What if the number in the string is not base 10? We can try to accommodate other bases by setting the stream to the correct mode (e.g. ss << std::hex) before trying the conversion. But this means the caller must know a priori what base the number is -- and how can the caller possibly know that? The caller doesn't know what the number is yet. They don't even know that it is a number! How can they be expected to know what base it is? We could just mandate that all numbers input to our programs must be base 10 and reject hexadecimal or octal input as invalid. But that is not very flexible or robust. There is no simple solution to this problem. You can't simply try the conversion once for each base, because the decimal conversion will always succeed for octal numbers (with a leading zero) and the octal conversion may succeed for some decimal numbers. So now you have to check for a leading zero. But wait! Hexadecimal numbers can start with a leading zero too (0x...). Sigh.
Even if you succeed in dealing with the above problems, there is still another bigger problem: what if the caller needs to distinguish between bad input (e.g. "123foo") and a number that is out of the range of int (e.g. "4000000000" for 32-bit int)? With stringstream, there is no way to make this distinction. We only know whether the conversion succeeded or failed. If it fails, we have no way of knowing why it failed. As you can see, stringstream leaves much to be desired if you want robustness and clear error handling.
这就引出了我的第二条建议:不要为此使用Boost的lexical_cast。考虑一下lexical_cast文档是怎么说的:
哪里的控制程度更高 要求转换， std:: stringstream和 Std::wstringstream提供更多 适当的路径。在哪里 非基于流的转换是 Required, lexical_cast是错误的 工作的工具，而不是 专门针对这种情况。
什么? ?我们已经看到stringstream的控制级别很差，但是它说如果需要“更高级别的控制”，应该使用stringstream而不是lexical_cast。此外，由于lexical_cast只是stringstream的包装器，它也会遇到与stringstream相同的问题:对多个数字基数的支持较差，错误处理较差。
最好的解决方案
幸运的是，有人已经解决了上述所有问题。C标准库包含的strtol和family不存在这些问题。
enum STR2INT_ERROR { SUCCESS, OVERFLOW, UNDERFLOW, INCONVERTIBLE };
STR2INT_ERROR str2int (int &i, char const *s, int base = 0)
{
char *end;
long l;
errno = 0;
l = strtol(s, &end, base);
if ((errno == ERANGE && l == LONG_MAX) || l > INT_MAX) {
return OVERFLOW;
}
if ((errno == ERANGE && l == LONG_MIN) || l < INT_MIN) {
return UNDERFLOW;
}
if (*s == '\0' || *end != '\0') {
return INCONVERTIBLE;
}
i = l;
return SUCCESS;
}
对于处理所有错误情况并支持从2到36的任何基数的东西来说，这非常简单。如果底数为0(默认值)，它将尝试从任何底数进行转换。或者调用者可以提供第三个参数，并指定只对特定的基数进行转换。它是健壮的，用最少的努力处理所有错误。
喜欢散步(和家庭)的其他原因:
它展示了更好的运行时性能 它引入了更少的编译时开销(其他方法从头文件中引入了近20倍的SLOC) 它的结果是最小的代码大小
绝对没有理由使用其他方法。
你可以使用stringstream的
int str2int (const string &str) {
stringstream ss(str);
int num;
ss >> num;
return num;
}
