两者的主要区别在于具体算法的选择。

对于Template方法模式，这是在编译时通过子类化模板实现的。每个子类通过实现模板的抽象方法提供不同的具体算法。当客户端调用模板外部接口的方法时，模板会根据需要调用它的抽象方法(内部接口)来调用算法。

class ConcreteAlgorithm : AbstractTemplate
{
    void DoAlgorithm(int datum) {...}
}

class AbstractTemplate
{
    void run(int datum) { DoAlgorithm(datum); }

    virtual void DoAlgorithm() = 0; // abstract
}

相反，策略模式允许在运行时通过包含来选择算法。具体算法由单独的类或函数实现，这些类或函数作为参数传递给策略的构造函数或setter方法。为这个参数选择哪种算法可以根据程序的状态或输入动态变化。

class ConcreteAlgorithm : IAlgorithm
{
    void DoAlgorithm(int datum) {...}
}

class Strategy
{
    Strategy(IAlgorithm algo) {...}

    void run(int datum) { this->algo.DoAlgorithm(datum); }
}

总而言之:

模板方法模式:通过子类化来选择编译时算法 策略模式:通过包容选择运行时算法

模板模式:

模板方法是关于让子类重新定义算法的某些步骤，而不改变基类中定义的算法的主要结构和步骤。 模板模式通常使用继承，因此可以在基类中提供算法的泛型实现，如果需要，子类可以选择覆盖它。

public abstract class RobotTemplate {
    /* This method can be overridden by a subclass if required */
    public void start() {
        System.out.println("Starting....");
    }

    /* This method can be overridden by a subclass if required */
    public void getParts() {
        System.out.println("Getting parts....");
    }

    /* This method can be overridden by a subclass if required */
    public void assemble() {
        System.out.println("Assembling....");
    }

    /* This method can be overridden by a subclass if required */
    public void test() {
        System.out.println("Testing....");
    }

    /* This method can be overridden by a subclass if required */
    public void stop() {
        System.out.println("Stopping....");
    }

    /*
     * Template algorithm method made up of multiple steps, whose structure and
     * order of steps will not be changed by subclasses.
     */
    public final void go() {
        start();
        getParts();
        assemble();
        test();
        stop();
    }
}


/* Concrete subclass overrides template step methods as required for its use */
public class CookieRobot extends RobotTemplate {
    private String name;

    public CookieRobot(String n) {
        name = n;
    }

    @Override
    public void getParts() {
        System.out.println("Getting a flour and sugar....");
    }

    @Override
    public void assemble() {
        System.out.println("Baking a cookie....");
    }

    @Override
    public void test() {
        System.out.println("Crunching a cookie....");
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
}

注意在上面的代码中，go()算法步骤总是相同的，但是子类可能为执行特定步骤定义不同的配方。

策略模式:

策略模式是指让客户端在运行时选择具体的算法实现。所有算法都是隔离且独立的，但是实现了一个公共接口，并且没有在算法中定义特定步骤的概念。

/**
 * This Strategy interface is implemented by all concrete objects representing an
 * algorithm(strategy), which lets us define a family of algorithms.
 */
public interface Logging {
    void write(String message);
}

/**
 * Concrete strategy class representing a particular algorithm.
 */
public class ConsoleLogging implements Logging {

    @Override
    public void write(String message) {
        System.out.println(message); 
    }

}

/**
 * Concrete strategy class representing a particular algorithm.
 */
public class FileLogging implements Logging {

    private final File toWrite;

    public FileLogging(final File toWrite) {
        this.toWrite = toWrite;
    }

    @Override
    public void write(String message) {
        try {
            final FileWriter fos = new FileWriter(toWrite);
            fos.write(message);
            fos.close();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println(e);
        }
    }

}

要获得完整的源代码，请查看我的github存储库。

在策略模式中，子类起主导作用，它们控制算法。这里的代码是跨子类复制的。算法的知识和如何实现它分布在许多类中。

在模板模式中，基类具有算法。它最大化了子类之间的重用。由于算法在一个地方，基类保护它。

继承与聚合(is-a与has-a)。这是实现同一目标的两种方法。

这个问题显示了选择之间的一些权衡:继承还是聚合

You probably mean template method pattern. You are right, they serve very similar needs. I would say it is better to use template method in cases when you have a "template" algorithm having defined steps where subclasses override these steps to change some details. In case of strategy, you need to create an interface, and instead of inheritance you are using delegation. I would say it is a bit more powerful pattern and maybe better in accordance to DIP - dependency inversion principles. It is more powerful because you clearly define a new abstraction of strategy - a way of doing something, which does not apply to template method. So, if this abstraction makes sense - use it. However, using template method may give you simpler designs in simple cases, which is also important. Consider which words fit better: do you have a template algorithm? Or is the key thing here that you have an abstraction of strategy - new way of doing something

模板方法的例子:

Application.main()
{
Init();
Run();
Done();
}

这里你继承了application，并替换了init, run和done的操作。

策略的例子:

array.sort (IComparer<T> comparer)

在这里，当编写比较器时，您不继承数组。数组将比较算法委托给比较器。

策略公开为接口，模板方法公开为抽象类。这通常在框架中被大量使用。 如。 Spring框架的MessageSource类是用于解析消息的策略接口。客户端使用该接口的特定实现(策略)。

和相同接口AbstractMessageSource的抽象实现，AbstractMessageSource具有解析消息的通用实现，并公开了resolveCode()抽象方法，以便子类可以以自己的方式实现它们。AbstractMessageSource是模板方法的一个例子。

http://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/4.1.7.RELEASE/javadoc-api/org/springframework/context/support/AbstractMessageSource.html