为了帮助理解为什么在语言实现级别上扩展Enum是不合理的，请考虑如果将扩展Enum的实例传递给只理解基本Enum的例程会发生什么。编译器承诺覆盖所有情况的开关实际上并不覆盖那些扩展的Enum值。

这进一步强调了Java Enum的值不是像C那样的整数，例如:要使用Java Enum作为数组索引，你必须显式地要求它的ordinal()成员，要给Java Enum一个任意的整数值，你必须为它添加一个显式的字段并引用命名的成员。

这不是对OP的愿望的评论，只是关于为什么Java永远不会做到这一点。

我的编码方式如下:

// enum A { a, b, c }
static final Set<Short> enumA = new LinkedHashSet<>(Arrays.asList(new Short[]{'a','b','c'}));

// enum B extends A { d }
static final Set<Short> enumB = new LinkedHashSet<>(enumA);
static {
    enumB.add((short) 'd');
    // If you have to add more elements:
    // enumB.addAll(Arrays.asList(new Short[]{ 'e', 'f', 'g', '♯', '♭' }));
}

LinkedHashSet既提供了每个条目只存在一次，又提供了它们的顺序保留。如果顺序无关紧要，则可以使用HashSet。以下代码在Java中是不可行的:

for (A a : B.values()) { // enum B extends A { d }
    switch (a) {
        case a:
        case b:
        case c:
            System.out.println("Value is: " + a.toString());
        break;
        default:
            throw new IllegalStateException("This should never happen.");
    }
}

代码可以这样写:

for (Short a : enumB) {
    switch (a) {
        case 'a':
        case 'b':
        case 'c':
            System.out.println("Value is: " + new String(Character.toChars(a)));
        break;
        default:
            throw new IllegalStateException("This should never happen.");
    }
}

从Java 7开始，你甚至可以用String做同样的事情:

// enum A { BACKWARDS, FOREWARDS, STANDING }
static final Set<String> enumA = new LinkedHashSet<>(Arrays.asList(new String[] {
        "BACKWARDS", "FOREWARDS", "STANDING" }));

// enum B extends A { JUMP }
static final Set<String> enumB = new LinkedHashSet<>(enumA);
static {
    enumB.add("JUMP");
}

使用enum替换:

for (String a : enumB) {
    switch (a) {
        case "BACKWARDS":
        case "FOREWARDS":
        case "STANDING":
            System.out.println("Value is: " + a);
        break;
        default:
            throw new IllegalStateException("This should never happen.");
    }
}

如果你错过了，在Joshua Bloch的书“Effective Java，第二版”中有一章。

第6章-枚举和注释 项目34:用接口模拟可扩展枚举

结论是:

A minor disadvantage of the use of interfaces to emulate extensible enums is those implementations cannot be inherited from one enum type to another. In the case of our Operation example, the logic to store and retrieve the symbol associated with an operation is duplicated in BasicOperation and ExtendedOperation. In this case, it doesn’t matter because very little code is duplicated. If there were a a larger amount of shared functionality, you could encapsulate it in a helper class or a static helper method to eliminate the code duplication.

总之，虽然不能编写可扩展枚举类型，但可以编写 通过编写接口来模拟实现的基本枚举类型 接口。这允许客户端编写自己实现的枚举 接口。这些枚举可以用于基本枚举类型所在的任何地方 假设api是根据接口编写的。

我倾向于避免枚举，因为它们是不可扩展的。继续以OP为例，如果A在库中，而B在您自己的代码中，则如果A是枚举，则不能扩展A。这是我有时替换枚举的方法:

// access like enum: A.a
public class A {
    public static final A a = new A();
    public static final A b = new A();
    public static final A c = new A();
/*
 * In case you need to identify your constant
 * in different JVMs, you need an id. This is the case if
 * your object is transfered between
 * different JVM instances (eg. save/load, or network).
 * Also, switch statements don't work with
 * Objects, but work with int.
 */
    public static int maxId=0;
    public int id = maxId++;
    public int getId() { return id; }
}

public class B extends A {
/*
 * good: you can do like
 * A x = getYourEnumFromSomeWhere();
 * if(x instanceof B) ...;
 * to identify which enum x
 * is of.
 */
    public static final A d = new A();
}

public class C extends A {
/* Good: e.getId() != d.getId()
 * Bad: in different JVMs, C and B
 * might be initialized in different order,
 * resulting in different IDs.
 * Workaround: use a fixed int, or hash code.
 */
    public static final A e = new A();
    public int getId() { return -32489132; };
}

有一些陷阱要避免，请参阅代码中的注释。根据您的需要，这是枚举的可靠、可扩展的替代方案。

对此，推荐的解决方案是可扩展枚举模式。

这涉及到创建一个接口，并在当前使用枚举的位置使用该接口。然后使枚举实现接口。通过添加扩展接口的附加enum/类，可以添加更多常量。大致是这样的:

public interface TrafficLights {
  public abstract String getColour();
}
public enum StandardTrafficLights implements TrafficLights {
  RED, YELLOW, GREEN;
  public String getColour() {
    return name();
  }
}
public enum WeirdTrafficLights implements TrafficLights {
  DOUBLE_RED;
  public String getColour() {
    return name();
  }
}

注意，如果你想要TrafficLights.valueof(String)这样的东西，你必须自己实现它。

enum A {a,b,c}
enum B extends A {d}
/*B is {a,b,c,d}*/

可以写成:

public enum All {
    a       (ClassGroup.A,ClassGroup.B),
    b       (ClassGroup.A,ClassGroup.B),
    c       (ClassGroup.A,ClassGroup.B),
    d       (ClassGroup.B) 
...

ClassGroup.B.getMembers()包含{a,b,c,d}

如何使用:假设我们想要这样的东西: 我们有事件，我们使用枚举。可以通过类似的处理对这些枚举进行分组。如果我们有多个元素的操作，那么有些事件开始操作，有些只是步骤，有些则结束操作。为了收集这样的操作和避免长开关情况，我们可以将它们分组，如示例所示，并使用:

if(myEvent.is(State_StatusGroup.START)) makeNewOperationObject()..
if(myEnum.is(State_StatusGroup.STEP)) makeSomeSeriousChanges()..
if(myEnum.is(State_StatusGroup.FINISH)) closeTransactionOrSomething()..

例子:

public enum AtmOperationStatus {
STARTED_BY_SERVER       (State_StatusGroup.START),
SUCCESS             (State_StatusGroup.FINISH),
FAIL_TOKEN_TIMEOUT      (State_StatusGroup.FAIL, 
                    State_StatusGroup.FINISH),
FAIL_NOT_COMPLETE       (State_StatusGroup.FAIL,
                    State_StatusGroup.STEP),
FAIL_UNKNOWN            (State_StatusGroup.FAIL,
                    State_StatusGroup.FINISH),
(...)

private AtmOperationStatus(StatusGroupInterface ... pList){
    for (StatusGroupInterface group : pList){
        group.addMember(this);
    }
}
public boolean is(StatusGroupInterface with){
    for (AtmOperationStatus eT : with.getMembers()){
        if( eT .equals(this))   return true;
    }
    return false;
}
// Each group must implement this interface
private interface StatusGroupInterface{
    EnumSet<AtmOperationStatus> getMembers();
    void addMember(AtmOperationStatus pE);
}
// DEFINING GROUPS
public enum State_StatusGroup implements StatusGroupInterface{
    START, STEP, FAIL, FINISH;

    private List<AtmOperationStatus> members = new LinkedList<AtmOperationStatus>();

    @Override
    public EnumSet<AtmOperationStatus> getMembers() {
        return EnumSet.copyOf(members);
    }

    @Override
    public void addMember(AtmOperationStatus pE) {
        members.add(pE);
    }
    static { // forcing initiation of dependent enum
        try {
            Class.forName(AtmOperationStatus.class.getName()); 
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) { 
            throw new RuntimeException("Class AtmEventType not found", ex); 
        }
    }
}
}
//Some use of upper code:
if (p.getStatus().is(AtmOperationStatus.State_StatusGroup.FINISH)) {
    //do something
}else if (p.getStatus().is(AtmOperationStatus.State_StatusGroup.START)) {
    //do something      
}  

添加一些更高级的内容:

public enum AtmEventType {

USER_DEPOSIT        (Status_EventsGroup.WITH_STATUS,
              Authorization_EventsGroup.USER_AUTHORIZED,
              ChangedMoneyAccountState_EventsGroup.CHANGED,
              OperationType_EventsGroup.DEPOSIT,
              ApplyTo_EventsGroup.CHANNEL),
SERVICE_DEPOSIT     (Status_EventsGroup.WITH_STATUS,
              Authorization_EventsGroup.TERMINAL_AUTHORIZATION,
              ChangedMoneyAccountState_EventsGroup.CHANGED,
              OperationType_EventsGroup.DEPOSIT,
              ApplyTo_EventsGroup.CHANNEL),
DEVICE_MALFUNCTION  (Status_EventsGroup.WITHOUT_STATUS,
              Authorization_EventsGroup.TERMINAL_AUTHORIZATION,
              ChangedMoneyAccountState_EventsGroup.DID_NOT_CHANGED,
              ApplyTo_EventsGroup.DEVICE),
CONFIGURATION_4_C_CHANGED(Status_EventsGroup.WITHOUT_STATUS,
              ApplyTo_EventsGroup.TERMINAL,
              ChangedMoneyAccountState_EventsGroup.DID_NOT_CHANGED),
(...)

在上面，如果我们有一些失败(myEvent.is(State_StatusGroup.FAIL))，然后通过之前的事件迭代，我们可以很容易地检查我们是否必须通过以下方法恢复资金转移:

if(myEvent2.is(ChangedMoneyAccountState_EventsGroup.CHANGED)) rollBack()..

它可以用于:

包括关于处理逻辑的显式元数据，不需要记住 实现一些多继承 我们不想使用类结构，例如发送简短的状态消息