if (typeof foo == 'undefined') {
 // Do something
};

注意，在这种情况下不需要严格比较（！==），因为typeof将始终返回字符串。

说明各种答案结果的一些场景：http://jsfiddle.net/drzaus/UVjM4/

（请注意，在测试中使用var会在作用域包装器中产生差异）

参考代码：

(function(undefined) {
    var definedButNotInitialized;
    definedAndInitialized = 3;
    someObject = {
        firstProp: "1"
        , secondProp: false
        // , undefinedProp not defined
    }
    // var notDefined;

    var tests = [
        'definedButNotInitialized in window',
        'definedAndInitialized in window',
        'someObject.firstProp in window',
        'someObject.secondProp in window',
        'someObject.undefinedProp in window',
        'notDefined in window',

        '"definedButNotInitialized" in window',
        '"definedAndInitialized" in window',
        '"someObject.firstProp" in window',
        '"someObject.secondProp" in window',
        '"someObject.undefinedProp" in window',
        '"notDefined" in window',

        'typeof definedButNotInitialized == "undefined"',
        'typeof definedButNotInitialized === typeof undefined',
        'definedButNotInitialized === undefined',
        '! definedButNotInitialized',
        '!! definedButNotInitialized',

        'typeof definedAndInitialized == "undefined"',
        'typeof definedAndInitialized === typeof undefined',
        'definedAndInitialized === undefined',
        '! definedAndInitialized',
        '!! definedAndInitialized',

        'typeof someObject.firstProp == "undefined"',
        'typeof someObject.firstProp === typeof undefined',
        'someObject.firstProp === undefined',
        '! someObject.firstProp',
        '!! someObject.firstProp',

        'typeof someObject.secondProp == "undefined"',
        'typeof someObject.secondProp === typeof undefined',
        'someObject.secondProp === undefined',
        '! someObject.secondProp',
        '!! someObject.secondProp',

        'typeof someObject.undefinedProp == "undefined"',
        'typeof someObject.undefinedProp === typeof undefined',
        'someObject.undefinedProp === undefined',
        '! someObject.undefinedProp',
        '!! someObject.undefinedProp',

        'typeof notDefined == "undefined"',
        'typeof notDefined === typeof undefined',
        'notDefined === undefined',
        '! notDefined',
        '!! notDefined'
    ];

    var output = document.getElementById('results');
    var result = '';
    for(var t in tests) {
        if( !tests.hasOwnProperty(t) ) continue; // bleh

        try {
            result = eval(tests[t]);
        } catch(ex) {
            result = 'Exception--' + ex;
        }
        console.log(tests[t], result);
        output.innerHTML += "\n" + tests[t] + ": " + result;
    }
})();

结果：

definedButNotInitialized in window: true
definedAndInitialized in window: false
someObject.firstProp in window: false
someObject.secondProp in window: false
someObject.undefinedProp in window: true
notDefined in window: Exception--ReferenceError: notDefined is not defined
"definedButNotInitialized" in window: false
"definedAndInitialized" in window: true
"someObject.firstProp" in window: false
"someObject.secondProp" in window: false
"someObject.undefinedProp" in window: false
"notDefined" in window: false
typeof definedButNotInitialized == "undefined": true
typeof definedButNotInitialized === typeof undefined: true
definedButNotInitialized === undefined: true
! definedButNotInitialized: true
!! definedButNotInitialized: false
typeof definedAndInitialized == "undefined": false
typeof definedAndInitialized === typeof undefined: false
definedAndInitialized === undefined: false
! definedAndInitialized: false
!! definedAndInitialized: true
typeof someObject.firstProp == "undefined": false
typeof someObject.firstProp === typeof undefined: false
someObject.firstProp === undefined: false
! someObject.firstProp: false
!! someObject.firstProp: true
typeof someObject.secondProp == "undefined": false
typeof someObject.secondProp === typeof undefined: false
someObject.secondProp === undefined: false
! someObject.secondProp: true
!! someObject.secondProp: false
typeof someObject.undefinedProp == "undefined": true
typeof someObject.undefinedProp === typeof undefined: true
someObject.undefinedProp === undefined: true
! someObject.undefinedProp: true
!! someObject.undefinedProp: false
typeof notDefined == "undefined": true
typeof notDefined === typeof undefined: true
notDefined === undefined: Exception--ReferenceError: notDefined is not defined
! notDefined: Exception--ReferenceError: notDefined is not defined
!! notDefined: Exception--ReferenceError: notDefined is not defined

    var x;
    if (x === undefined) {
        alert ("I am declared, but not defined.")
    };
    if (typeof y === "undefined") {
        alert ("I am not even declared.")
    };

    /* One more thing to understand: typeof ==='undefined' also checks 
       for if a variable is declared, but no value is assigned. In other 
       words, the variable is declared, but not defined. */

    // Will repeat above logic of x for typeof === 'undefined'
    if (x === undefined) {
        alert ("I am declared, but not defined.")
    };
    /* So typeof === 'undefined' works for both, but x === undefined 
       only works for a variable which is at least declared. */

    /* Say if I try using typeof === undefined (not in quotes) for 
       a variable which is not even declared, we will get run a 
       time error. */

    if (z === undefined) {
        alert ("I am neither declared nor defined.")
    };
    // I got this error for z ReferenceError: z is not defined 

// x has not been defined before
if (typeof x === 'undefined') { // Evaluates to true without errors.
   // These statements execute.
}

if (x === undefined) { // Throws a ReferenceError

}

更新2018-07-25

自从这篇文章发表以来，已经将近五年了，JavaScript已经取得了长足的进步。在重复原始帖子中的测试时，我发现以下测试方法之间没有一致的差异：

abc==未定义abc==无效0typeof abc==“未定义”abc类型==“未定义”

即使当我修改测试以防止Chrome优化它们时，差异也微不足道。因此，为了清楚起见，我现在建议abc===undefined。

相关内容来自chrome://version:

谷歌Chrome：67.0.3396.99（官方版本）（64位）（队列：稳定）修订：a337fbf3c2ab8ebc6b64b0bfdce73a20e2e2252b参考/分支头/3396@{#790}操作系统：WindowsJavaScript：V8 6.7.288.46用户代理：Mozilla/5.0（Windows NT 10.0；Win64；x64）AppleWebKit/537.36（KHTML，类似Gecko）Chrome/67.03396.99 Safari/537.36

原帖子2013-11-01

在Google Chrome中，以下测试比一种测试速度稍快：

if (abc === void 0) {
    // Undefined
}

差异可以忽略不计。然而，这段代码更加简洁，对于了解void 0含义的人来说一目了然。然而，请注意，abc仍然必须声明。

typeof和void都明显快于直接与undefined进行比较。我在Chrome开发者控制台中使用了以下测试格式：

var abc;
start = +new Date();
for (var i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {
    if (TEST) {
        void 1;
    }
}
end = +new Date();
end - start;

结果如下：

Test: | abc === undefined      abc === void 0      typeof abc == 'undefined'
------+---------------------------------------------------------------------
x10M  |     13678 ms               9854 ms                 9888 ms
  x1  |    1367.8 ns              985.4 ns                988.8 ns

请注意，第一行以毫秒为单位，而第二行以纳秒为单位。3.4纳秒的差异并不重要。在随后的测试中，时间相当一致。

在本文中，我了解到Undercore.js等框架使用此函数：

function isUndefined(obj){
    return obj === void 0;
}