对于linux，你可以使用hostname -I system命令的check_output，就像这样:

from subprocess import check_output
check_output(['hostname', '-I'])

一个我不相信已经发布的版本。 我在Ubuntu 12.04上使用python 2.7进行测试。

找到这个解决方案:http://code.activestate.com/recipes/439094-get-the-ip-address-associated-with-a-network-inter/

import socket
import fcntl
import struct

def get_ip_address(ifname):
    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
    return socket.inet_ntoa(fcntl.ioctl(
        s.fileno(),
        0x8915,  # SIOCGIFADDR
        struct.pack('256s', ifname[:15])
    )[20:24])

结果示例:

>>> get_ip_address('eth0')
'38.113.228.130'

恐怕除了连接到另一台计算机并让它把你的IP地址发送给你之外，没有任何好的独立于平台的方法来做到这一点。例如:findmyipaddress。注意，如果你需要一个NAT后的IP地址，除非你所连接的计算机也是NAT后的IP地址，这是行不通的。

下面是一个适用于Linux的解决方案:获取与网络接口关联的IP地址。

这是UnkwnTech的答案的变体——它提供了一个get_local_addr()函数，该函数返回主机的主LAN ip地址。我发布它是因为这增加了一些东西:ipv6支持，错误处理，忽略localhost/linklocal地址，并使用TESTNET地址(rfc5737)来连接。

# imports
import errno
import socket
import logging

# localhost prefixes
_local_networks = ("127.", "0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1")

# ignore these prefixes -- localhost, unspecified, and link-local
_ignored_networks = _local_networks + ("0.", "0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0", "169.254.", "fe80:")

def detect_family(addr):
    if "." in addr:
        assert ":" not in addr
        return socket.AF_INET
    elif ":" in addr:
        return socket.AF_INET6
    else:
        raise ValueError("invalid ipv4/6 address: %r" % addr)

def expand_addr(addr):
    """convert address into canonical expanded form --
    no leading zeroes in groups, and for ipv6: lowercase hex, no collapsed groups.
    """
    family = detect_family(addr)
    addr = socket.inet_ntop(family, socket.inet_pton(family, addr))
    if "::" in addr:
        count = 8-addr.count(":")
        addr = addr.replace("::", (":0" * count) + ":")
        if addr.startswith(":"):
            addr = "0" + addr
    return addr

def _get_local_addr(family, remote):
    try:
        s = socket.socket(family, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
        try:
            s.connect((remote, 9))
            return s.getsockname()[0]
        finally:
            s.close()
    except socket.error:
        # log.info("trapped error connecting to %r via %r", remote, family, exc_info=True)
        return None

def get_local_addr(remote=None, ipv6=True):
    """get LAN address of host

    :param remote:
        return  LAN address that host would use to access that specific remote address.
        by default, returns address it would use to access the public internet.

    :param ipv6:
        by default, attempts to find an ipv6 address first.
        if set to False, only checks ipv4.

    :returns:
        primary LAN address for host, or ``None`` if couldn't be determined.
    """
    if remote:
        family = detect_family(remote)
        local = _get_local_addr(family, remote)
        if not local:
            return None
        if family == socket.AF_INET6:
            # expand zero groups so the startswith() test works.
            local = expand_addr(local)
        if local.startswith(_local_networks):
            # border case where remote addr belongs to host
            return local
    else:
        # NOTE: the two addresses used here are TESTNET addresses,
        #       which should never exist in the real world.
        if ipv6:
            local = _get_local_addr(socket.AF_INET6, "2001:db8::1234")
            # expand zero groups so the startswith() test works.
            if local:
                local = expand_addr(local)
        else:
            local = None
        if not local:
            local = _get_local_addr(socket.AF_INET, "192.0.2.123")
            if not local:
                return None
    if local.startswith(_ignored_networks):
        return None
    return local

在拥有iproute2实用程序的现代*NIX系统上，您可以通过subprocess.run()调用它，因为您可以使用-j开关在JSON中输出，然后使用JSON .loads()模块和方法将其转换为python数据结构。下面的代码显示第一个非环回IP地址。

import subprocess
import json

ip = json.loads(subprocess.run('ip -j a'.split(),capture_output=True).stdout.decode())[1]['addr_info'][0]['local'] 

print(ip)

或者，如果你有多个IP，并且想要找到连接到特定目的地的IP，你可以使用IP -j route get 8.8.8.8，如下所示:

import subprocess 
import json 

ip = json.loads(subprocess.run('ip -j route get 8.8.8.8'.split(),capture_output=True).stdout.decode())[0]['prefsrc']

print(ip)

如果你在寻找所有的IP地址，你可以遍历IP -j a返回的字典列表

import subprocess
import json

list_of_dicts = json.loads(subprocess.run('ip -j a'.split(),capture_output=True).stdout.decode())

for interface in list_of_dicts:
    try:print(f"Interface: {interface['ifname']:10} IP: {interface['addr_info'][0]['local']}")
    except:pass

使用新引入的asyncio包的Python 3.4版本。

async def get_local_ip():
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    transport, protocol = await loop.create_datagram_endpoint(
        asyncio.DatagramProtocol,
        remote_addr=('8.8.8.8', 80))
    result = transport.get_extra_info('sockname')[0]
    transport.close()
    return result

这是基于UnkwnTech的精彩回答。