In java, String is immutable. Being immutable we mean that once a String is created, we can not change its value. StringBuffer is mutable. Once a StringBuffer object is created, we just append the content to the value of object instead of creating a new object. StringBuilder is similar to StringBuffer but it is not thread-safe. Methods of StingBuilder are not synchronized but in comparison to other Strings, the Stringbuilder runs fastest. You can learn difference between String, StringBuilder and StringBuffer by implementing them.

可变性的区别:

String是不可变的，如果你试图改变它们的值，就会创建另一个对象，而StringBuffer和StringBuilder是可变的，所以它们可以改变它们的值。

线程安全的区别:

StringBuffer和StringBuilder的区别在于StringBuffer是线程安全的。因此，当应用程序只需要在一个线程中运行时，最好使用StringBuilder。StringBuilder比StringBuffer更有效。

情况:

如果你的字符串不会改变，请使用string类，因为string对象是不可变的。 如果您的字符串可以更改(例如:字符串构造中的大量逻辑和操作)，并且只能从单个线程访问，那么使用StringBuilder就足够了。 如果您的字符串可以更改，并且可以从多个线程访问，请使用StringBuffer，因为StringBuffer是同步的，因此具有线程安全性。

字符串

String类表示字符串。Java程序中的所有字符串字面值，例如“abc”，都被实现为该类的实例。

字符串对象是不可变的，一旦创建就不能改变。(字符串是常量)

If a String is created using constructor or method then those strings will be stored in Heap Memory as well as SringConstantPool. But before saving in pool it invokes intern() method to check object availability with same content in pool using equals method. If String-copy is available in the Pool then returns the reference. Otherwise, String object is added to the pool and returns the reference. The Java language provides special support for the string concatenation operator (+), and for conversion of other objects to strings. String concatenation is implemented through the StringBuilder(or StringBuffer) class and its append method. String heapSCP = new String("Yash"); heapSCP.concat("."); heapSCP = heapSCP + "M"; heapSCP = heapSCP + 777; // For Example: String Source Code public String concat(String str) { int otherLen = str.length(); if (otherLen == 0) { return this; } int len = value.length; char buf[] = Arrays.copyOf(value, len + otherLen); str.getChars(buf, len); return new String(buf, true); } String literals are stored in StringConstantPool. String onlyPool = "Yash";

StringBuilder和StringBuffer是可变的字符序列。这意味着可以改变这些对象的值。StringBuffer具有与StringBuilder相同的方法，但是StringBuffer中的每个方法都是同步的，因此它是线程安全的。

StringBuffer and StringBuilder data can only be created using new operator. So, they get stored in Heap memory. Instances of StringBuilder are not safe for use by multiple threads. If such synchronization is required then it is recommended that StringBuffer be used. StringBuffer threadSafe = new StringBuffer("Yash"); threadSafe.append(".M"); threadSafe.toString(); StringBuilder nonSync = new StringBuilder("Yash"); nonSync.append(".M"); nonSync.toString(); StringBuffer and StringBuilder are having a Special methods like., replace(int start, int end, String str) and reverse(). NOTE: StringBuffer and SringBuilder are mutable as they provides the implementation of Appendable Interface.

什么时候用哪一个。

If a you are not going to change the value every time then its better to Use String Class. As part of Generics if you want to Sort Comparable<T> or compare a values then go for String Class. //ClassCastException: java.lang.StringBuffer cannot be cast to java.lang.Comparable Set<StringBuffer> set = new TreeSet<StringBuffer>(); set.add( threadSafe ); System.out.println("Set : "+ set); If you are going to modify the value every time the go for StringBuilder which is faster than StringBuffer. If multiple threads are modifying the value the go for StringBuffer.

You use String when an immutable structure is appropriate; obtaining a new character sequence from a String may carry an unacceptable performance penalty, either in CPU time or memory (obtaining substrings is CPU efficient because the data is not copied, but this means a potentially much larger amount of data may remain allocated). You use StringBuilder when you need to create a mutable character sequence, usually to concatenate several character sequences together. You use StringBuffer in the same circumstances you would use StringBuilder, but when changes to the underlying string must be synchronized (because several threads are reading/modifyind the string buffer).

这里有一个例子。

下面是一个小代码片段，演示了如何在异步环境中破坏StringBuilder

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();

    ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50);
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000 * 1000; i++) {
        executorService.submit(new AppendRunnable(builder));
    }

    executorService.shutdown();
    executorService.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);

    Stream.of(builder.toString().split(System.lineSeparator()))
        .filter(line -> !line.equals("I just appended this!"))
        .forEach(System.out::println);
}

record AppendRunnable(StringBuilder stringBuilder) implements Runnable {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        stringBuilder.append("I just appended this!\n");
    }
}

本质上，我们将字符串附加到构建器中，并期望它们都等于“我刚刚附加了这个!”。但它们不是，其中一些前缀是空字符，因为构建器的内部字符缓冲区没有同步，它被错误地调整了大小。在这种情况下使用StringBuffer可以解决问题。更多详细信息请点击这里

String和其他两个类的区别在于String是不可变的，而其他两个类是可变的。

但是为什么我们有两个相同目的的类呢?

原因是StringBuffer是线程安全的，而StringBuilder不是。 StringBuilder是StringBuffer Api上的一个新类，它是在JDK5中引入的，如果你工作在单线程环境中，总是推荐使用它，因为它要快得多

有关完整的详细信息，请访问http://www.codingeek.com/java/stringbuilder-and-stringbuffer-a-way-to-create-mutable-strings-in-java/