在Kotlin中，当我们声明变量时，有两个选项。'var'或'val'。 遵循变量的命名惯例，我认为我们可以简单地生成“常量”，这意味着我想要一个固定的值分配给一个特定的变量，就像下面的示例代码。

private val tag = "MainActivity"

我认为我们不需要像在Java世界中所做的那样，麻烦地使用大写字母来区分“常量”和变量。

在编译时已知的值可以(并且在我看来应该)被标记为常量。

命名约定应该遵循Java约定，并且在从Java代码中使用时应该正确可见(这在某种程度上很难通过伴生对象实现，但无论如何)。

正确的常量声明是:

const val MY_CONST = "something"
const val MY_INT = 1

在Kotlin中，如果你想创建在类中使用的局部常数，那么你可以像下面这样创建它

val MY_CONSTANT = "Constants"

如果你想在kotlin中创建一个公共常量，就像在java中创建public static final一样，你可以像下面这样创建它。

companion object{

     const val MY_CONSTANT = "Constants"

}

首先，Kotlin中常量的命名约定与java中相同(例如:MY_CONST_IN_UPPERCASE)。

我应该如何创建它?

1. 作为顶级值(推荐)

你只需要把const放在类声明的外面。

两种可能:在类文件中声明const(你的const与你的类有明确的关系)

private const val CONST_USED_BY_MY_CLASS = 1

class MyClass { 
    // I can use my const in my class body 
}

创建一个专用的常量。在这里你想要在你的项目中广泛使用你的const文件:

package com.project.constants
const val URL_PATH = "https:/"

然后你只需要把它导入到你需要的地方:

import com.project.constants

MyClass {
    private fun foo() {
        val url = URL_PATH
        System.out.print(url) // https://
    }
}

2. 在伴生对象(或对象声明)中声明它

这就不那么干净了，因为在底层，当字节码生成时，会创建一个无用的对象:

MyClass {
    companion object {
        private const val URL_PATH = "https://"
        const val PUBLIC_URL_PATH = "https://public" // Accessible in other project files via MyClass.PUBLIC_URL_PATH
    }
}

更糟糕的是，如果你将它声明为val而不是const(编译器将生成一个无用的对象+一个无用的函数):

MyClass {
    companion object {
        val URL_PATH = "https://"
    }
}

注意:

在kotlin中，const只能保存原始类型。如果希望将调用函数的结果分配给它，则需要添加@JvmField注释。在编译时，它将被转换为一个公共静态final变量。但是它比原始类型要慢。尽量避免。

@JvmField val foo = Foo()

对于基元和字符串:

/** The empty String. */
const val EMPTY_STRING = ""

其他情况:

/** The empty array of Strings. */
@JvmField val EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY = arrayOfNulls<String>(0)

例子:

/*
 * Copyright 2018 Vorlonsoft LLC
 *
 * Licensed under The MIT License (MIT)
 */

package com.vorlonsoft.android.rate

import com.vorlonsoft.android.rate.Constants.Utils.Companion.UTILITY_CLASS_MESSAGE

/**
 * Constants Class - the constants class of the AndroidRate library.
 *
 * @constructor Constants is a utility class and it can't be instantiated.
 * @since       1.1.8
 * @version     1.2.1
 * @author      Alexander Savin
 */
internal class Constants private constructor() {
    /** Constants Class initializer block. */
    init {
        throw UnsupportedOperationException("Constants$UTILITY_CLASS_MESSAGE")
    }

    /**
     * Constants.Date Class - the date constants class of the AndroidRate library.
     *
     * @constructor Constants.Date is a utility class and it can't be instantiated.
     * @since       1.1.8
     * @version     1.2.1
     * @author      Alexander Savin
     */
    internal class Date private constructor() {
        /** Constants.Date Class initializer block. */
        init {
            throw UnsupportedOperationException("Constants.Date$UTILITY_CLASS_MESSAGE")
        }

        /** The singleton contains date constants. */
        companion object {
            /** The time unit representing one year in days. */
            const val YEAR_IN_DAYS = 365.toShort()
        }
    }

    /**
     * Constants.Utils Class - the utils constants class of the AndroidRate library.
     *
     * @constructor Constants.Utils is a utility class and it can't be instantiated.
     * @since       1.1.8
     * @version     1.2.1
     * @author      Alexander Savin
     */
    internal class Utils private constructor() {
        /** Constants.Utils Class initializer block. */
        init {
            throw UnsupportedOperationException("Constants.Utils$UTILITY_CLASS_MESSAGE")
        }

        /** The singleton contains utils constants. */
        companion object {
            /** The empty String. */
            const val EMPTY_STRING = ""
            /** The empty array of Strings. */
            @JvmField val EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY = arrayOfNulls<String>(0)
            /** The part 2 of a utility class unsupported operation exception message. */
            const val UTILITY_CLASS_MESSAGE = " is a utility class and it can't be instantiated!"
        }
    }
}

Something that isn't mentioned in any of the answers is the overhead of using companion objects. As you can read here, companion objects are in fact objects and creating them consumes resources. In addition, you may need to go through more than one getter function every time you use your constant. If all that you need is a few primitive constants on a few instances of your class, you'll probably just be better off using val to get a better performance and avoid the companion object. The trade off is higher memory consumption if you have many instances of your class so everyone should make their own decision.

TL,博士;文章:

使用伴侣对象实际上会将以下Kotlin代码:

class MyClass {

    companion object {
        private val TAG = "TAG"
    }

    fun helloWorld() {
        println(TAG)
    }
}

在这段Java代码中:

public final class MyClass {
    private static final String TAG = "TAG";
    public static final Companion companion = new Companion();

    // synthetic
    public static final String access$getTAG$cp() {
        return TAG;
    }

    public static final class Companion {
        private final String getTAG() {
            return MyClass.access$getTAG$cp();
        }

        // synthetic
        public static final String access$getTAG$p(Companion c) {
            return c.getTAG();
        }
    }

    public final void helloWorld() {
        System.out.println(Companion.access$getTAG$p(companion));
    }
}