如何衡量Linux中应用程序或进程的内存使用情况?

在博客文章《了解Linux上的内存使用情况》中,ps并不是一个准确的工具。

为什么ps是“错误的”根据您的看法,ps不会报告进程的实际内存使用情况。它真正要做的是显示如果只有一个进程在运行,每个进程将占用多少实际内存。当然,一台典型的Linux机器在任何给定时间都有几十个进程在运行,这意味着ps报告的VSZ和RSS数字几乎肯定是错误的。

(注:这里详细介绍了这个问题。)


当前回答

使用时间。

不是Bash内置时间,而是您可以找到的时间,例如/usr/bin/time。

下面是它的内容,在一个简单的ls上:

$ /usr/bin/time --verbose ls
(...)
Command being timed: "ls"
User time (seconds): 0.00
System time (seconds): 0.00
Percent of CPU this job got: 0%
Elapsed (wall clock) time (h:mm:ss or m:ss): 0:00.00
Average shared text size (kbytes): 0
Average unshared data size (kbytes): 0
Average stack size (kbytes): 0
Average total size (kbytes): 0
Maximum resident set size (kbytes): 2372
Average resident set size (kbytes): 0
Major (requiring I/O) page faults: 1
Minor (reclaiming a frame) page faults: 121
Voluntary context switches: 2
Involuntary context switches: 9
Swaps: 0
File system inputs: 256
File system outputs: 0
Socket messages sent: 0
Socket messages received: 0
Signals delivered: 0
Page size (bytes): 4096
Exit status: 0

其他回答

如果您想要比使用Valgrind进行评测更快的东西,并且您的内核更旧,而且您不能使用smaps,那么一个带有显示进程驻留集选项的ps(使用ps-o rss,命令)可以让您快速、合理地了解所使用的非交换内存的实际数量。

ps -eo size,pid,user,command --sort -size | \
    awk '{ hr=$1/1024 ; printf("%13.2f Mb ",hr) } { for ( x=4 ; x<=NF ; x++ ) { printf("%s ",$x) } print "" }' |\
    cut -d "" -f2 | cut -d "-" -f1

使用此作为根,您可以获得每个进程的内存使用情况的清晰输出。

输出示例:

     0.00 Mb COMMAND
  1288.57 Mb /usr/lib/firefox
   821.68 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   762.82 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   588.36 Mb /usr/sbin/mysqld
   547.55 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   523.92 Mb /usr/lib/tracker/tracker
   476.59 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   446.41 Mb /usr/bin/gnome
   421.62 Mb /usr/sbin/libvirtd
   405.11 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   302.60 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   291.46 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   284.56 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   238.93 Mb /usr/lib/tracker/tracker
   223.21 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   197.99 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   194.07 Mb conky
   191.92 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   190.72 Mb /usr/bin/mongod
   169.06 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   155.11 Mb /usr/bin/gnome
   136.02 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   125.98 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
   103.98 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
    93.22 Mb /usr/lib/tracker/tracker
    89.21 Mb /usr/lib/gnome
    80.61 Mb /usr/bin/gnome
    77.73 Mb /usr/lib/evolution/evolution
    76.09 Mb /usr/lib/evolution/evolution
    72.21 Mb /usr/lib/gnome
    69.40 Mb /usr/lib/evolution/evolution
    68.84 Mb nautilus
    68.08 Mb zeitgeist
    60.97 Mb /usr/lib/tracker/tracker
    59.65 Mb /usr/lib/evolution/evolution
    57.68 Mb apt
    55.23 Mb /usr/lib/gnome
    53.61 Mb /usr/lib/evolution/evolution
    53.07 Mb /usr/lib/gnome
    52.83 Mb /usr/lib/gnome
    51.02 Mb /usr/lib/udisks2/udisksd
    50.77 Mb /usr/lib/evolution/evolution
    50.53 Mb /usr/lib/gnome
    50.45 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs
    50.36 Mb /usr/lib/packagekit/packagekitd
    50.14 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs
    48.95 Mb /usr/bin/Xwayland :1024
    46.21 Mb /usr/bin/gnome
    42.43 Mb /usr/bin/zeitgeist
    42.29 Mb /usr/lib/gnome
    41.97 Mb /usr/lib/gnome
    41.64 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
    41.63 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
    41.55 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
    41.48 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
    39.87 Mb /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/chrome
    37.45 Mb /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg vt2
    36.62 Mb /usr/sbin/NetworkManager
    35.63 Mb /usr/lib/caribou/caribou
    34.79 Mb /usr/lib/tracker/tracker
    33.88 Mb /usr/sbin/ModemManager
    33.77 Mb /usr/lib/gnome
    33.61 Mb /usr/lib/upower/upowerd
    33.53 Mb /usr/sbin/gdm3
    33.37 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
    33.36 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs
    33.23 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs
    33.15 Mb /usr/lib/at
    33.15 Mb /usr/lib/at
    30.03 Mb /usr/lib/colord/colord
    29.62 Mb /usr/lib/apt/methods/https
    28.06 Mb /usr/lib/zeitgeist/zeitgeist
    27.29 Mb /usr/lib/policykit
    25.55 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs
    25.55 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs
    25.23 Mb /usr/lib/accountsservice/accounts
    25.18 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
    25.15 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs
    25.15 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs
    25.12 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs
    25.10 Mb /usr/lib/gnome
    25.10 Mb /usr/lib/gnome
    25.07 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
    24.99 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs
    23.26 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
    22.09 Mb /usr/bin/pulseaudio
    19.01 Mb /usr/bin/pulseaudio
    18.62 Mb (sd
    18.46 Mb (sd
    18.30 Mb /sbin/init
    18.17 Mb /usr/sbin/rsyslogd
    17.50 Mb gdm
    17.42 Mb gdm
    17.09 Mb /usr/lib/dconf/dconf
    17.09 Mb /usr/lib/at
    17.06 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
    16.98 Mb /usr/lib/at
    16.91 Mb /usr/lib/gdm3/gdm
    16.86 Mb /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
    16.86 Mb /usr/lib/gdm3/gdm
    16.85 Mb /usr/lib/dconf/dconf
    16.85 Mb /usr/lib/dconf/dconf
    16.73 Mb /usr/lib/rtkit/rtkit
    16.69 Mb /lib/systemd/systemd
    13.13 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
    13.13 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chromium
    10.92 Mb anydesk
     8.54 Mb /sbin/lvmetad
     7.43 Mb /usr/sbin/apache2
     6.82 Mb /usr/sbin/apache2
     6.77 Mb /usr/sbin/apache2
     6.73 Mb /usr/sbin/apache2
     6.66 Mb /usr/sbin/apache2
     6.64 Mb /usr/sbin/apache2
     6.63 Mb /usr/sbin/apache2
     6.62 Mb /usr/sbin/apache2
     6.51 Mb /usr/sbin/apache2
     6.25 Mb /usr/sbin/apache2
     6.22 Mb /usr/sbin/apache2
     3.92 Mb bash
     3.14 Mb bash
     2.97 Mb bash
     2.95 Mb bash
     2.93 Mb bash
     2.91 Mb bash
     2.86 Mb bash
     2.86 Mb bash
     2.86 Mb bash
     2.84 Mb bash
     2.84 Mb bash
     2.45 Mb /lib/systemd/systemd
     2.30 Mb (sd
     2.28 Mb /usr/bin/dbus
     1.84 Mb /usr/bin/dbus
     1.46 Mb ps
     1.21 Mb openvpn hackthebox.ovpn
     1.16 Mb /sbin/dhclient
     1.16 Mb /sbin/dhclient
     1.09 Mb /lib/systemd/systemd
     0.98 Mb /sbin/mount.ntfs /dev/sda3 /media/n0bit4/Data
     0.97 Mb /lib/systemd/systemd
     0.96 Mb /lib/systemd/systemd
     0.89 Mb /usr/sbin/smartd
     0.77 Mb /usr/bin/dbus
     0.76 Mb su
     0.76 Mb su
     0.76 Mb su
     0.76 Mb su
     0.76 Mb su
     0.76 Mb su
     0.75 Mb sudo su
     0.75 Mb sudo su
     0.75 Mb sudo su
     0.75 Mb sudo su
     0.75 Mb sudo su
     0.75 Mb sudo su
     0.74 Mb /usr/bin/dbus
     0.71 Mb /usr/lib/apt/methods/http
     0.68 Mb /bin/bash /usr/bin/mysqld_safe
     0.68 Mb /sbin/wpa_supplicant
     0.66 Mb /usr/bin/dbus
     0.61 Mb /lib/systemd/systemd
     0.54 Mb /usr/bin/dbus
     0.46 Mb /usr/sbin/cron
     0.45 Mb /usr/sbin/irqbalance
     0.43 Mb logger
     0.41 Mb awk { hr=$1/1024 ; printf("%13.2f Mb ",hr) } { for ( x=4 ; x<=NF ; x++ ) { printf("%s ",$x) } print "" }
     0.40 Mb /usr/bin/ssh
     0.34 Mb /usr/lib/chromium/chrome
     0.32 Mb cut
     0.32 Mb cut
     0.00 Mb [kthreadd]
     0.00 Mb [ksoftirqd/0]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/0:0H]
     0.00 Mb [rcu_sched]
     0.00 Mb [rcu_bh]
     0.00 Mb [migration/0]
     0.00 Mb [lru
     0.00 Mb [watchdog/0]
     0.00 Mb [cpuhp/0]
     0.00 Mb [cpuhp/1]
     0.00 Mb [watchdog/1]
     0.00 Mb [migration/1]
     0.00 Mb [ksoftirqd/1]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/1:0H]
     0.00 Mb [cpuhp/2]
     0.00 Mb [watchdog/2]
     0.00 Mb [migration/2]
     0.00 Mb [ksoftirqd/2]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/2:0H]
     0.00 Mb [cpuhp/3]
     0.00 Mb [watchdog/3]
     0.00 Mb [migration/3]
     0.00 Mb [ksoftirqd/3]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/3:0H]
     0.00 Mb [kdevtmpfs]
     0.00 Mb [netns]
     0.00 Mb [khungtaskd]
     0.00 Mb [oom_reaper]
     0.00 Mb [writeback]
     0.00 Mb [kcompactd0]
     0.00 Mb [ksmd]
     0.00 Mb [khugepaged]
     0.00 Mb [crypto]
     0.00 Mb [kintegrityd]
     0.00 Mb [bioset]
     0.00 Mb [kblockd]
     0.00 Mb [devfreq_wq]
     0.00 Mb [watchdogd]
     0.00 Mb [kswapd0]
     0.00 Mb [vmstat]
     0.00 Mb [kthrotld]
     0.00 Mb [ipv6_addrconf]
     0.00 Mb [acpi_thermal_pm]
     0.00 Mb [ata_sff]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_eh_0]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_tmf_0]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_eh_1]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_tmf_1]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_eh_2]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_tmf_2]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_eh_3]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_tmf_3]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_eh_4]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_tmf_4]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_eh_5]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_tmf_5]
     0.00 Mb [bioset]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/1:1H]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/3:1H]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/0:1H]
     0.00 Mb [kdmflush]
     0.00 Mb [bioset]
     0.00 Mb [kdmflush]
     0.00 Mb [bioset]
     0.00 Mb [jbd2/sda5
     0.00 Mb [ext4
     0.00 Mb [kworker/2:1H]
     0.00 Mb [kauditd]
     0.00 Mb [bioset]
     0.00 Mb [drbd
     0.00 Mb [irq/27
     0.00 Mb [i915/signal:0]
     0.00 Mb [i915/signal:1]
     0.00 Mb [i915/signal:2]
     0.00 Mb [ttm_swap]
     0.00 Mb [cfg80211]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/u17:0]
     0.00 Mb [hci0]
     0.00 Mb [hci0]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/u17:1]
     0.00 Mb [iprt
     0.00 Mb [iprt
     0.00 Mb [kworker/1:0]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/3:0]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/0:0]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/2:0]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/u16:0]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/u16:2]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/3:2]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/2:1]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/1:2]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/0:2]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/2:2]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/0:1]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_eh_6]
     0.00 Mb [scsi_tmf_6]
     0.00 Mb [usb
     0.00 Mb [bioset]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/3:1]
     0.00 Mb [kworker/u16:1]

去找Valgrind。让它运行你的程序,它会告诉你它的内存使用情况。

这只适用于程序运行一段时间并停止的情况。我不知道Valgrind是否能够控制一个已经运行的进程,或者不应该停止的进程,比如守护进程。

注意:只有当内存消耗增加时,此功能才能100%正常工作

如果您想通过给定的进程(或一组已处理的共享公用名称,例如google chrome)监控内存使用情况,可以使用我的bash脚本:

while true; do ps aux | awk ‚{print $5, $11}’ | grep chrome | sort -n > /tmp/a.txt; sleep 1; diff /tmp/{b,a}.txt; mv /tmp/{a,b}.txt; done;

这将持续查找更改并打印它们。

很难确定,但有两件“接近”的事情可以帮助我们。

$ ps aux

将为您提供虚拟大小(VSZ)

您还可以通过转到/proc/$pid/status从/proc文件系统获取详细的统计信息。

最重要的是VmSize,它应该接近ps aux给出的值。

/proc/19420$ cat status
Name:      firefox
State:     S (sleeping)
Tgid:      19420
Pid:       19420
PPid:      1
TracerPid: 0
Uid:       1000    1000    1000    1000
Gid:       1000    1000    1000    1000
FDSize:    256
Groups:    4 6 20 24 25 29 30 44 46 107 109 115 124 1000
VmPeak:    222956 kB
VmSize:    212520 kB
VmLck:          0 kB
VmHWM:     127912 kB
VmRSS:     118768 kB
VmData:    170180 kB
VmStk:        228 kB
VmExe:         28 kB
VmLib:      35424 kB
VmPTE:        184 kB
Threads:   8
SigQ:      0/16382
SigPnd:    0000000000000000
ShdPnd:    0000000000000000
SigBlk:    0000000000000000
SigIgn:    0000000020001000
SigCgt:    000000018000442f
CapInh:    0000000000000000
CapPrm:    0000000000000000
CapEff:    0000000000000000
Cpus_allowed:    03
Mems_allowed:    1
voluntary_ctxt_switches:    63422
nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches: 7171