我正在开发一个应用程序，其中一个设计方法涉及到大量使用instanceof操作符。虽然我知道OO设计通常试图避免使用instanceof，但那是另一回事，这个问题纯粹与性能有关。我想知道是否对性能有影响?和==一样快吗?
例如，我有一个有10个子类的基类。在接受基类的单个函数中，我检查类是否是子类的实例并执行一些例程。
我想到的另一种解决方法是使用“type id”整数原语，并使用位掩码来表示子类的类别，然后对子类“type id”与表示类别的常量掩码进行位掩码比较。
instanceof是否被JVM优化得更快?我想坚持使用Java，但应用程序的性能至关重要。如果有人曾经在这条路上走过，可以提供一些建议，那就太棒了。我是不是太挑剔了，或者专注在错误的地方去优化?
当前回答
我有同样的问题，但因为我没有找到类似于我的用例的“性能指标”，我做了一些更多的示例代码。在我的硬件和Java 6和7上，instanceof和switch在1000万次迭代上的区别是
for 10 child classes - instanceof: 1200ms vs switch: 470ms
for 5 child classes - instanceof: 375ms vs switch: 204ms
因此，instanceof确实比较慢，特别是在大量的if-else-if语句上，但是在实际应用中差异可以忽略不计。
import java.util.Date;
public class InstanceOfVsEnum {
public static int c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c9, cA;
public static class Handler {
public enum Type { Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4, Type5, Type6, Type7, Type8, Type9, TypeA }
protected Handler(Type type) { this.type = type; }
public final Type type;
public static void addHandlerInstanceOf(Handler h) {
if( h instanceof H1) { c1++; }
else if( h instanceof H2) { c2++; }
else if( h instanceof H3) { c3++; }
else if( h instanceof H4) { c4++; }
else if( h instanceof H5) { c5++; }
else if( h instanceof H6) { c6++; }
else if( h instanceof H7) { c7++; }
else if( h instanceof H8) { c8++; }
else if( h instanceof H9) { c9++; }
else if( h instanceof HA) { cA++; }
}
public static void addHandlerSwitch(Handler h) {
switch( h.type ) {
case Type1: c1++; break;
case Type2: c2++; break;
case Type3: c3++; break;
case Type4: c4++; break;
case Type5: c5++; break;
case Type6: c6++; break;
case Type7: c7++; break;
case Type8: c8++; break;
case Type9: c9++; break;
case TypeA: cA++; break;
}
}
}
public static class H1 extends Handler { public H1() { super(Type.Type1); } }
public static class H2 extends Handler { public H2() { super(Type.Type2); } }
public static class H3 extends Handler { public H3() { super(Type.Type3); } }
public static class H4 extends Handler { public H4() { super(Type.Type4); } }
public static class H5 extends Handler { public H5() { super(Type.Type5); } }
public static class H6 extends Handler { public H6() { super(Type.Type6); } }
public static class H7 extends Handler { public H7() { super(Type.Type7); } }
public static class H8 extends Handler { public H8() { super(Type.Type8); } }
public static class H9 extends Handler { public H9() { super(Type.Type9); } }
public static class HA extends Handler { public HA() { super(Type.TypeA); } }
final static int cCycles = 10000000;
public static void main(String[] args) {
H1 h1 = new H1();
H2 h2 = new H2();
H3 h3 = new H3();
H4 h4 = new H4();
H5 h5 = new H5();
H6 h6 = new H6();
H7 h7 = new H7();
H8 h8 = new H8();
H9 h9 = new H9();
HA hA = new HA();
Date dtStart = new Date();
for( int i = 0; i < cCycles; i++ ) {
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h1);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h2);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h3);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h4);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h5);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h6);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h7);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h8);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h9);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(hA);
}
System.out.println("Instance of - " + (new Date().getTime() - dtStart.getTime()));
dtStart = new Date();
for( int i = 0; i < cCycles; i++ ) {
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h1);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h2);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h3);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h4);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h5);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h6);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h7);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h8);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h9);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(hA);
}
System.out.println("Switch of - " + (new Date().getTime() - dtStart.getTime()));
}
}
其他回答
'instanceof'实际上是一个运算符，就像+或-，我相信它有自己的JVM字节码指令。应该够快了。
我不应该说，如果你有一个开关，你正在测试一个对象是否是某个子类的实例，那么你的设计可能需要重做。考虑将特定于子类的行为下推到子类本身。
将决定性能影响的项目有:
The number of possible classes for which the instanceof operator could return true The distribution of your data - are most of the instanceof operations resolved in the first or second attempt? You'll want to put your most likely to return true operations first. The deployment environment. Running on a Sun Solaris VM is significantly different than Sun's Windows JVM. Solaris will run in 'server' mode by default, while Windows will run in client mode. The JIT optimizations on Solaris, will make all method access able the same.
我为四种不同的分派方法创建了一个微基准测试。Solaris的结果如下所示，数值越小越快:
InstanceOf 3156
class== 2925
OO 3083
Id 3067
I'll get back to you on instanceof performance. But a way to avoid problem (or lack thereof) altogether would be to create a parent interface to all the subclasses on which you need to do instanceof. The interface will be a super set of all the methods in sub-classes for which you need to do instanceof check. Where a method does not apply to a specific sub-class, simply provide a dummy implementation of this method. If I didn't misunderstand the issue, this is how I've gotten around the problem in the past.
很难说一个特定的JVM是如何实现实例的，但在大多数情况下，对象与结构相当，类也是如此，每个对象结构都有一个指向它是实例的类结构的指针。实际上是instanceof for
if (o instanceof java.lang.String)
可能和下面的C代码一样快
if (objectStruct->iAmInstanceOf == &java_lang_String_class)
假设JIT编译器已经就位，并且工作出色。
考虑到这只是访问一个指针，在指针指向的某个偏移量处获得一个指针，并将其与另一个指针进行比较(这基本上与测试32位数字是否相等相同)，我认为操作实际上可以非常快。
但是，这并不一定是必须的，它在很大程度上取决于JVM。但是，如果这将成为代码中的瓶颈操作，我认为JVM实现相当糟糕。即使没有JIT编译器，只解释代码，也应该能够在几乎没有时间的情况下创建一个实例测试。
我有同样的问题，但因为我没有找到类似于我的用例的“性能指标”，我做了一些更多的示例代码。在我的硬件和Java 6和7上，instanceof和switch在1000万次迭代上的区别是
for 10 child classes - instanceof: 1200ms vs switch: 470ms
for 5 child classes - instanceof: 375ms vs switch: 204ms
因此，instanceof确实比较慢，特别是在大量的if-else-if语句上，但是在实际应用中差异可以忽略不计。
import java.util.Date;
public class InstanceOfVsEnum {
public static int c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, c9, cA;
public static class Handler {
public enum Type { Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4, Type5, Type6, Type7, Type8, Type9, TypeA }
protected Handler(Type type) { this.type = type; }
public final Type type;
public static void addHandlerInstanceOf(Handler h) {
if( h instanceof H1) { c1++; }
else if( h instanceof H2) { c2++; }
else if( h instanceof H3) { c3++; }
else if( h instanceof H4) { c4++; }
else if( h instanceof H5) { c5++; }
else if( h instanceof H6) { c6++; }
else if( h instanceof H7) { c7++; }
else if( h instanceof H8) { c8++; }
else if( h instanceof H9) { c9++; }
else if( h instanceof HA) { cA++; }
}
public static void addHandlerSwitch(Handler h) {
switch( h.type ) {
case Type1: c1++; break;
case Type2: c2++; break;
case Type3: c3++; break;
case Type4: c4++; break;
case Type5: c5++; break;
case Type6: c6++; break;
case Type7: c7++; break;
case Type8: c8++; break;
case Type9: c9++; break;
case TypeA: cA++; break;
}
}
}
public static class H1 extends Handler { public H1() { super(Type.Type1); } }
public static class H2 extends Handler { public H2() { super(Type.Type2); } }
public static class H3 extends Handler { public H3() { super(Type.Type3); } }
public static class H4 extends Handler { public H4() { super(Type.Type4); } }
public static class H5 extends Handler { public H5() { super(Type.Type5); } }
public static class H6 extends Handler { public H6() { super(Type.Type6); } }
public static class H7 extends Handler { public H7() { super(Type.Type7); } }
public static class H8 extends Handler { public H8() { super(Type.Type8); } }
public static class H9 extends Handler { public H9() { super(Type.Type9); } }
public static class HA extends Handler { public HA() { super(Type.TypeA); } }
final static int cCycles = 10000000;
public static void main(String[] args) {
H1 h1 = new H1();
H2 h2 = new H2();
H3 h3 = new H3();
H4 h4 = new H4();
H5 h5 = new H5();
H6 h6 = new H6();
H7 h7 = new H7();
H8 h8 = new H8();
H9 h9 = new H9();
HA hA = new HA();
Date dtStart = new Date();
for( int i = 0; i < cCycles; i++ ) {
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h1);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h2);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h3);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h4);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h5);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h6);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h7);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h8);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(h9);
Handler.addHandlerInstanceOf(hA);
}
System.out.println("Instance of - " + (new Date().getTime() - dtStart.getTime()));
dtStart = new Date();
for( int i = 0; i < cCycles; i++ ) {
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h1);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h2);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h3);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h4);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h5);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h6);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h7);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h8);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(h9);
Handler.addHandlerSwitch(hA);
}
System.out.println("Switch of - " + (new Date().getTime() - dtStart.getTime()));
}
}
