我怎么用echo来做呢?
perl -E 'say "=" x 100'
当前回答
for i in {1..100}
do
echo -n '='
done
echo
其他回答
一种纯粹的Bash方式，没有eval，没有subshell，没有外部工具，没有大括号展开(即，你可以在变量中重复数字):
如果给你一个变量n，它展开为一个(非负的)数字和一个变量模式，例如，
$ n=5
$ pattern=hello
$ printf -v output '%*s' "$n"
$ output=${output// /$pattern}
$ echo "$output"
hellohellohellohellohello
你可以用它来创建一个函数:
repeat() {
# $1=number of patterns to repeat
# $2=pattern
# $3=output variable name
local tmp
printf -v tmp '%*s' "$1"
printf -v "$3" '%s' "${tmp// /$2}"
}
这套:
$ repeat 5 hello output
$ echo "$output"
hellohellohellohellohello
对于这个小技巧，我们经常使用printf:
-v varname: instead of printing to standard output, printf will put the content of the formatted string in variable varname. '%*s': printf will use the argument to print the corresponding number of spaces. E.g., printf '%*s' 42 will print 42 spaces. Finally, when we have the wanted number of spaces in our variable, we use a parameter expansion to replace all the spaces by our pattern: ${var// /$pattern} will expand to the expansion of var with all the spaces replaced by the expansion of $pattern.
你也可以通过间接展开来去掉repeat函数中的tmp变量:
repeat() {
# $1=number of patterns to repeat
# $2=pattern
# $3=output variable name
printf -v "$3" '%*s' "$1"
printf -v "$3" '%s' "${!3// /$2}"
}
function repeatString()
{
local -r string="${1}"
local -r numberToRepeat="${2}"
if [[ "${string}" != '' && "${numberToRepeat}" =~ ^[1-9][0-9]*$ ]]
then
local -r result="$(printf "%${numberToRepeat}s")"
echo -e "${result// /${string}}"
fi
}
样本运行
$ repeatString 'a1' 10
a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1
$ repeatString 'a1' 0
$ repeatString '' 10
参考库:https://github.com/gdbtek/linux-cookbooks/blob/master/libraries/util.bash
不是堆砌，而是另一种纯bash方法利用了数组的${//}替换:
$ arr=({1..100})
$ printf '%s' "${arr[@]/*/=}"
====================================================================================================
向@gniourf_gniourf致敬。
注意:这个答案并没有回答最初的问题，而是通过比较性能来补充现有的有用答案。
解决方案只在执行速度方面进行比较-内存需求没有考虑在内(它们在不同的解决方案中有所不同，并且可能与大量重复计数有关)。
简介:
If your repeat count is small, say up to around 100, it's worth going with the Bash-only solutions, as the startup cost of external utilities matters, especially Perl's. Pragmatically speaking, however, if you only need one instance of repeating characters, all existing solutions may be fine. With large repeat counts, use external utilities, as they'll be much faster. In particular, avoid Bash's global substring replacement with large strings (e.g., ${var// /=}), as it is prohibitively slow.
以下是在一台配有3.2 GHz Intel酷睿i5 CPU和Fusion Drive的2012年末iMac上进行的计时，运行OSX 10.10.4和bash 3.2.57，是1000次运行的平均值。
条目如下:
按执行时间升序列出(最快的先) 前缀: 米……一个潜在的多字符解决方案 年代……单字符解决方案 P…posix兼容的解决方案 接下来是对解决方案的简要描述 以原始答案的作者的名字作为后缀
小重复计数:100
[M, P] printf %.s= [dogbane]: 0.0002
[M ] printf + bash global substr. replacement [Tim]: 0.0005
[M ] echo -n - brace expansion loop [eugene y]: 0.0007
[M ] echo -n - arithmetic loop [Eliah Kagan]: 0.0013
[M ] seq -f [Sam Salisbury]: 0.0016
[M ] jot -b [Stefan Ludwig]: 0.0016
[M ] awk - $(count+1)="=" [Steven Penny (variant)]: 0.0019
[M, P] awk - while loop [Steven Penny]: 0.0019
[S ] printf + tr [user332325]: 0.0021
[S ] head + tr [eugene y]: 0.0021
[S, P] dd + tr [mklement0]: 0.0021
[M ] printf + sed [user332325 (comment)]: 0.0021
[M ] mawk - $(count+1)="=" [Steven Penny (variant)]: 0.0025
[M, P] mawk - while loop [Steven Penny]: 0.0026
[M ] gawk - $(count+1)="=" [Steven Penny (variant)]: 0.0028
[M, P] gawk - while loop [Steven Penny]: 0.0028
[M ] yes + head + tr [Digital Trauma]: 0.0029
[M ] Perl [sid_com]: 0.0059
只有bash的解决方案领先的包-但只有重复计数这么小!(见下文)。 外部实用程序的启动成本在这里很重要，特别是Perl的启动成本。如果必须在循环中调用它——每次迭代中重复次数很少——请避免使用multi-utility、awk和perl解决方案。
大重复计数:1000000(100万)
[M ] Perl [sid_com]: 0.0067
[M ] mawk - $(count+1)="=" [Steven Penny (variant)]: 0.0254
[M ] gawk - $(count+1)="=" [Steven Penny (variant)]: 0.0599
[S ] head + tr [eugene y]: 0.1143
[S, P] dd + tr [mklement0]: 0.1144
[S ] printf + tr [user332325]: 0.1164
[M, P] mawk - while loop [Steven Penny]: 0.1434
[M ] seq -f [Sam Salisbury]: 0.1452
[M ] jot -b [Stefan Ludwig]: 0.1690
[M ] printf + sed [user332325 (comment)]: 0.1735
[M ] yes + head + tr [Digital Trauma]: 0.1883
[M, P] gawk - while loop [Steven Penny]: 0.2493
[M ] awk - $(count+1)="=" [Steven Penny (variant)]: 0.2614
[M, P] awk - while loop [Steven Penny]: 0.3211
[M, P] printf %.s= [dogbane]: 2.4565
[M ] echo -n - brace expansion loop [eugene y]: 7.5877
[M ] echo -n - arithmetic loop [Eliah Kagan]: 13.5426
[M ] printf + bash global substr. replacement [Tim]: n/a
The Perl solution from the question is by far the fastest. Bash's global string-replacement (${foo// /=}) is inexplicably excruciatingly slow with large strings, and has been taken out of the running (took around 50 minutes(!) in Bash 4.3.30, and even longer in Bash 3.2.57 - I never waited for it to finish). Bash loops are slow, and arithmetic loops ((( i= 0; ... ))) are slower than brace-expanded ones ({1..n}) - though arithmetic loops are more memory-efficient. awk refers to BSD awk (as also found on OSX) - it's noticeably slower than gawk (GNU Awk) and especially mawk. Note that with large counts and multi-char. strings, memory consumption can become a consideration - the approaches differ in that respect.
下面是生成上述代码的Bash脚本(testrepeat)。 它有两个参数:
字符重复计数 可选地，要执行的测试运行的数量，并从中计算平均时间
换句话说:上面的时间是用testrepeat 100 1000和testrepeat 1000000 1000得到的
#!/usr/bin/env bash
title() { printf '%s:\t' "$1"; }
TIMEFORMAT=$'%6Rs'
# The number of repetitions of the input chars. to produce
COUNT_REPETITIONS=${1?Arguments: <charRepeatCount> [<testRunCount>]}
# The number of test runs to perform to derive the average timing from.
COUNT_RUNS=${2:-1}
# Discard the (stdout) output generated by default.
# If you want to check the results, replace '/dev/null' on the following
# line with a prefix path to which a running index starting with 1 will
# be appended for each test run; e.g., outFilePrefix='outfile', which
# will produce outfile1, outfile2, ...
outFilePrefix=/dev/null
{
outFile=$outFilePrefix
ndx=0
title '[M, P] printf %.s= [dogbane]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
# !! In order to use brace expansion with a variable, we must use `eval`.
eval "
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
printf '%.s=' {1..$COUNT_REPETITIONS} >"$outFile"
done"
title '[M ] echo -n - arithmetic loop [Eliah Kagan]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
for ((i=0; i<COUNT_REPETITIONS; ++i)); do echo -n =; done >"$outFile"
done
title '[M ] echo -n - brace expansion loop [eugene y]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
# !! In order to use brace expansion with a variable, we must use `eval`.
eval "
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
for i in {1..$COUNT_REPETITIONS}; do echo -n =; done >"$outFile"
done
"
title '[M ] printf + sed [user332325 (comment)]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
printf "%${COUNT_REPETITIONS}s" | sed 's/ /=/g' >"$outFile"
done
title '[S ] printf + tr [user332325]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
printf "%${COUNT_REPETITIONS}s" | tr ' ' '=' >"$outFile"
done
title '[S ] head + tr [eugene y]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
head -c $COUNT_REPETITIONS < /dev/zero | tr '\0' '=' >"$outFile"
done
title '[M ] seq -f [Sam Salisbury]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
seq -f '=' -s '' $COUNT_REPETITIONS >"$outFile"
done
title '[M ] jot -b [Stefan Ludwig]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
jot -s '' -b '=' $COUNT_REPETITIONS >"$outFile"
done
title '[M ] yes + head + tr [Digital Trauma]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
yes = | head -$COUNT_REPETITIONS | tr -d '\n' >"$outFile"
done
title '[M ] Perl [sid_com]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
perl -e "print \"=\" x $COUNT_REPETITIONS" >"$outFile"
done
title '[S, P] dd + tr [mklement0]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
dd if=/dev/zero bs=$COUNT_REPETITIONS count=1 2>/dev/null | tr '\0' "=" >"$outFile"
done
# !! On OSX, awk is BSD awk, and mawk and gawk were installed later.
# !! On Linux systems, awk may refer to either mawk or gawk.
for awkBin in awk mawk gawk; do
if [[ -x $(command -v $awkBin) ]]; then
title "[M ] $awkBin"' - $(count+1)="=" [Steven Penny (variant)]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
$awkBin -v count=$COUNT_REPETITIONS 'BEGIN { OFS="="; $(count+1)=""; print }' >"$outFile"
done
title "[M, P] $awkBin"' - while loop [Steven Penny]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
$awkBin -v count=$COUNT_REPETITIONS 'BEGIN { while (i++ < count) printf "=" }' >"$outFile"
done
fi
done
title '[M ] printf + bash global substr. replacement [Tim]'
[[ $outFile != '/dev/null' ]] && outFile="$outFilePrefix$((++ndx))"
# !! In Bash 4.3.30 a single run with repeat count of 1 million took almost
# !! 50 *minutes*(!) to complete; n Bash 3.2.57 it's seemingly even slower -
# !! didn't wait for it to finish.
# !! Thus, this test is skipped for counts that are likely to be much slower
# !! than the other tests.
skip=0
[[ $BASH_VERSINFO -le 3 && COUNT_REPETITIONS -gt 1000 ]] && skip=1
[[ $BASH_VERSINFO -eq 4 && COUNT_REPETITIONS -gt 10000 ]] && skip=1
if (( skip )); then
echo 'n/a' >&2
else
time for (( n = 0; n < COUNT_RUNS; n++ )); do
{ printf -v t "%${COUNT_REPETITIONS}s" '='; printf %s "${t// /=}"; } >"$outFile"
done
fi
} 2>&1 |
sort -t$'\t' -k2,2n |
awk -F $'\t' -v count=$COUNT_RUNS '{
printf "%s\t", $1;
if ($2 ~ "^n/a") { print $2 } else { printf "%.4f\n", $2 / count }}' |
column -s$'\t' -t
n=5; chr='x'; chr_string='';
for (( i=0; $i<$n; i++ ))
do
chr_string=$chr_string$chr
done
echo -n "$chr_string"
适用于…… N =整数(包括0和负数)。 Chr =可打印和空白(空格和制表符)。
